Table 1.

Metabolites ^† down-regulated by empagliflozin in kidney (10 highest).

Compound Name	Control *	EMPA	p-Value ‡	EMPA-to-Control Ratio
Carbamoyl phosphate	1.38 ± 0.53	0.65 ± 0.14	0.23	0.47
Spermine	1.38 ± 0.18	0.66 ± 0.07	0.0036	0.48
2-Isopropylmalic acid	1.27 ± 0.12	0.68 ± 0.08	0.0021	0.54
Succinate	1.30 ± 0.31	0.72 ± 0.07	0.11	0.56
Trans-Aconitate	1.23 ± 0.27	0.71 ± 0.12	0.12	0.58
Xanthurenic acid	1.29 ± 0.14	0.77 ± 0.06	0.0057	0.59
Phenyllactic acid	1.10 ± 0.43	0.68 ± 0.08	0.39	0.62
2-Deoxyguanosine 5-monophosphate	1.33 ± 0.17	0.84 ± 0.11	0.036	0.63
4-Pyridoxate	1.27 ± 0.17	0.76 ± 0.10	0.022	0.63
Putrescine	1.22 ± 0.14	0.77 ± 0.08	0.018	0.64
Spermidine	1.24 ± 0.07	0.84 ± 0.06	0.00078	0.67

^† QC-RLSC normalized peak intensities, * mean ± sem (n = 8-control; 7-empagliflozin); ^‡ unpaired t-test.