Table 2.
Effect of Empagliflozin on discrete metabolite sets * in kidney (top 10 listed).
| Metabolite Set | Total | Hits | Expect † | p-Value ‡ | Holm’s p ¥ | FDR € |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Urea cycle | 29 | 8 | 1.95 | 0.0004 | 0.038 | 0.038 |
| Spermidine and spermine biosynthesis | 18 | 5 | 1.21 | 0.0052 | 0.502 | 0.223 |
| Aspartate metabolism | 35 | 7 | 2.36 | 0.0068 | 0.66 | 0.22 |
| Methionine metabolism | 43 | 7 | 2.90 | 0.021 | 1.0 | 0.42 |
| Arginine and proline metabolism | 53 | 8 | 3.57 | 0.022 | 1.0 | 0.42 |
| Carnitine synthesis | 22 | 4 | 1.48 | 0.055 | 1.0 | 0.90 |
| Glycine and serine metabolism | 59 | 7 | 3.98 | 0.094 | 1.0 | 0.94 |
| Pyrimidine metabolism | 59 | 7 | 3.98 | 0.094 | 1.0 | 0.94 |
| Valine, leucine, and isoleucine degradation | 60 | 7 | 4.04 | 0.10 | 1.0 | 0.94 |
| Trypotophan metabolism | 60 | 7 | 4.04 | 0.10 | 1.0 | 0.94 |
* Entry included all (75 total) metabolites (from targeted analysis) with p < 0.05, (unpaired t-test) and/or a change >20% as determined by Enrichment Analysis (MetaboAnalyst 5.0); † based on chance; ‡ students t-test; ¥ Holmes-Bonferroni method to account for multiple comparisons; € FDR- false discovery rate—alternative to Bonferroni and controls for a low proportion of false positives (guards against type 1 errors).