Table 3.
Oxidative-Stress-Related Metabolic and Lipidomic Species †.
| Compound Name | Control | EMPA | p-Value | EMPA-to Control Ratio | Function |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Symmetric Dimethylarginine | 1.16 ± 0.052 | 0.91 ± 0.059 | 0.0082 | 0.79 | Inhibitor of arginine transport; marker of GFR |
| Lipoic Acid | 0.87 ± 0.085 | 0.78 ± 0.11 | 0.52 | 0.90 | Anti-oxidant |
| AICAR | 1.08 ± 0.031 | 0.95 ± 0.027 | 0.0062 | 0.88 | AMPK activator, anti-oxidant |
| Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide | 1.14 ± 0.12 | 0.83 ± 0.16 | 0.15 | 0.73 | Co-Factor in Redox Reactions |
| Pyruvic Acid | 1.02 ± 0.077 | 0.94 ± 0.071 | 0.40 | 0.89 | Component of Glycolysis; anti-oxidant |
| Sarcosine | 1.06 ± 0.079 | 0.90 ± 0.055 | 0.13 | 0.85 | Derivative of glycine; causes oxidative stress |
| Uridine | 0.93 ± 0.11 | 1.16 ± 0.098 | 0.16 | 1.24 | Glycosylated pyrimidine; anti-oxidant |
| Flavin Mononucleotide | 69 ± 0.046 | 1.08 ± 0.25 | 0.11 | 1.57 | Produced from riboflavin; prosthetic group of oxidoreductases |
| Carboxytridecanoylcarnitine ‡ | 0.61 ± 0.11 | 1.21 ± 0.10 | 0.0021 | 1.99 | Fat transport into mitochondria |
| Hexadecanoylcarnitine ‡ | 0.62 ± 0.12 | 1.17 ± 0.12 | 0.0068 | 1.88 | Fat transport into mitochondria |
| Pentadecanoylcarnitine ‡ | 0.83 ± 0.05 | 1.16 ± 0.089 | 0.024 | 1.40 | Fat transport into mitochondria |
| Hydroxyoctadecenoylcarnitine ‡ | 0.65 ± 0.12 | 1.04 ± 0.12 | 0.037 | 1.59 | Fat transport into mitochondria |
† Sampling, not exhaustive; ‡ more than 10 modified carnitines were significantly increased by EMPA; in general carnitines can protect against oxidative stress the modifications are not well understood with regard to function.