Table 3.
Predictors of Cardiovascular Disease among Users of Methamphetamine in HCUP‐CA
| Variable | CVD | HF | PHTN | MI | MI+ MINOCA | Stroke |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| HR (CI) | ||||||
| Age | 1.07 (1.07–1.08) | 1.07 (1.07–1.08) | 1.08 (1.07–1.09) | 1.09 (1.08–1.10) | 1.08 (1.07–1.09) | 1.07 (1.07–1.08) |
| Sex (male) | 1.09 (0.99–1.20) | 1.08 (0.96–1.22) | 0.93 (0.77–1.20) | 1.73 (1.37–2.18) | 1.44 (1.17–1.77) | 0.94 (0.78–1.13) |
| Race or ethnicity (vs White) | ||||||
| Black | 1.09 (0.93–1.29) | 1.14 (0.937–1.40) | 1.23 (0.79–1.90) | 1.15 (0.80–1.64) | 1.20 (0.87–1.67) | 1.07 (0.76–1.51) |
| Hispanic | 0.90 (0.81–1.01) | 0.93 (0.81–1.06) | 0.77 (0.56–1.05) | 0.86 (0.67–1.10) | 0.85 (0.68–1.07) | 1.01 (0.82–1.25) |
| Asian/Pacific | 1.20 (0.92–1.55) | 0.99 (0.70–1.42) | 1.61(0.85–3.06) | 1.31 (0.75–2.30) | 1.19 (0.69–2.04) | 1.50 (0.93–2.41) |
| Native American | 1.45 (0.78–2.70) | 1.05 (0.44–2.54) | 1.01 (0.14–7.20) | 1.55 (0.38–6.25) | 1.31 (0.33–5.28) | 2.55 (0.95–6.86) |
| Other races not specified | 0.97 (0.73–1.28) | 0.80 (0.55–1.18) | 1.56 (0.82–2.95) | 1.13 (0.63–2.02) | 1.05 (0.60–1.83) | 1.05 (0.60–1.84) |
| Obesity | 1.71 (1.44–2.02) | 1.77 (1.45–2.16) | 2.46 (1.64–3.67) | 1.22 (0.80–1.88) | 1.30 (0.89–1.91) | 1.42 (0.99–2.01) |
| Hypertension | 2.26 (2.03–2.51) | 2.40 (2.11–2.73) | 1.99 (1.49–2.66) | 1.84 (1.46–2.32) | 1.81 (1.46–2.26) | 2.41 (1.97–2.97) |
| Diabetes | 1.75 (1.55–1.96) | 1.85 (1.61–2.13) | 1.71 (1.24–2.34) | 1.73 (1.35–2.32) | 1.74 (1.37–2.20) | 1.83 (1.45–2.30) |
| Dyslipidemia | 1.09 (0.88–1.34) | 0.94 (0.73–1.22) | 1.05 (0.60–1.84) | 1.75 (1.19–2.57) | 1.87 (1.31–2.67) | 1.02 (0.68–1.55) |
| Depression | 0.81 (0.70–0.94) | 0.75 (0.63–0.90) | 0.71 (0.47–1.08) | 0.92 (0.68–1.25) | 0.97 (0.73–1.27) | 0.92 (0.70–1.21) |
| Chronic kidney disease | 2.38 (1.74–3.25) | 3.20 (2.29–4.45) | 4.06 (2.04–8.09) | 1.34 (0.59–3.04) | 1.66 (0.81–3.38) | 1.56 (0.77–3.17) |
| Smoking | 1.28 (1.17–1.40) | 1.26 (1.13–1.41) | 1.29 (1.01–1.65) | 1.25 (1.02–1.53) | 1.27 (1.06–1.54) | 1.16 (0.97–1.40) |
| Cocaine use | 1.14 (0.96–1.35) | 1.17 (0.95–1.44) | 0.83 (0.49–1.41) | 1.62 (1.17–2.23) | 1.45 (1.06–1.98) | 1.03 (0.73–1.46) |
| Alcohol use | 0.91 (0.78–1.07) | 0.91 (0.75–1.11) | 0.87 (0.55–1.36) | 0.79 (0.55–1.13) | 0.80 (0.57–1.12) | 0.91 (0.66–1.24) |
Multivariable‐adjusted HRs are for risk of composite CVD and CVD subtypes: HF, PHTN, MI, MI with or without nonobstructive coronary arteries and stroke, among users of methamphetamine. CVD indicates cardiovascular disease; HCUP‐CA indicates Healthcare Cost and Utilization Project‐California; HF, heart failure; HR, hazard ratio; MI, myocardial infarction; MINOCA, myocardial infarction with nonobstructive coronary arteries; and PHTN, pulmonary hypertension.