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. 2022 Sep 7;12(9):738. doi: 10.3390/bios12090738

Table 3.

Challenges and strategies for improving the performance of the biomarker detection ECL systems.

Challenge Performance Improvement Strategy References
Sensitivity

  • Use of a co-reaction accelerator;

  • Use of nanomaterials or nanostructures with hollow porous structures;

  • Combination of RET systems;

  • Combination of signal amplification methods;

  • Use of nanomaterial-aggregation-induced ECL emission methods;

  • Use of NIR-ECL emitters.

 [22,32,37,41]
[32,41]
[39,42,43,44]
[22,32,37,39]
[45,46]
[41,46,47,48,49,50]
Multiplexing capability

  • Adapting an electrode array with a 3D nanostructure as a substrate;

  • Use of multiple ECL emitters;

  • Use of dual-polar ECL emitters based on different co-reactants and co-reaction accelerators;

  • Use of Janus NP as an ECL emitter.

 [51,52]
[53]
[37]
[39]
Simple operation

  • Implementation of the host-guest inclusion-based bioprobing technique (no need for bioconjugation);

  • Use of a co-reactant-free system;

  • Use of a nanozyme-catalytic reaction-combined enzyme-free system;

  • Use of a PDMS-based BPE system;

  • Use of a paper-based BPE-ECL system;

  • Implementation of microfluidic devices.

 [45,54]
[35,55]
[56,57]
[36,52,53,56]
[36,57]
[36]