Table 1.

Cytokines secreted by macrophages, and their functions. The symbol ↑ represents increase, while ↓ represents decrease. The details are adapted from [42,53,54,55,56].

Cytokine	Endothelial Cell Proliferation	Angiogenesis	Fibroblast Proliferation	Collagen Synthesis
TNF-α	↑↓	↑	↑↓	↑↓
IL-1	↓	↑↓	↑↓	↑↓
Il-6	↓	↑	↓	↑
TGF-β	↑↓	↑	↑↓	↑
TGF-α	↑↓	↑	↑↓	↑↓
PDGF	↑	↑	↑	↑
IGF-1	↑	↑	↑	↑