Table 3.

Comprehensive details on the role of naturally derived products in wound healing studies.

Naturally Derived Product	Sources	Type of Formulation	Uses and Applications in Wound Healing	Possible Mechanism of Action	Wound Model Used or Type of Study	Outcome	Reference
Gelatin	Bovine skin	Topical gel	Care for acute wounds	Lowering the oxidative damage and increase in the production of collagen	In vivo (mice)	Keep the wound area clean, warm, and moist. Enhance wound healing by reducing the wound size	[93]
Collagen	Bovine Achilles tendon, sheep ovine tendon	Topical	Treatment of full thickness wounds	Control the bacterial growth in the wound environment	In vivo (rats)	Faster wound healing process with high recovery percentage (wound healing rate)	[94,95,96]
Hyaluronic acid	Polysaccharides	Topical gel	Treat chronic ulcers	Anti-inflammatory effects	Clinical studies	Stronger regenerative potential in epidermal proliferation and dermal renewal	[97,98]
Chitosan	Shells of crustaceans	Topical	Treat diabetic wound	Present hemostatic action, which can be exploited to enhance healing	In vivo (rats)	Promotes tissue regeneration with improved function	[99,100,101]
Alginate	Kelp-like Phaeophyceae	Topical	Treat chronic and diabetic wounds	Maintain a physiologically moist environment and minimize bacterial infections at the wound site	In vivo (mice)	Reduces healing time and wound size	[102,103,104]
Elastin	Bovine neck ligament	Topical gel	Wound repair and dermal regeneration	Recruit and modulate macrophages to facilitate tissue regeneration	In vivo (mice)	Promotes innate immune cells, angiogenesis, and collagen regeneration	[105]
Silk fibroin protein	Bombyx mori, the domestic silk moth	Topical	Skin repair and wound regeneration	Conducive microenvironment for wound healing (excellent fluid handling, air-permeable, and bacterial barrier properties)	In vivo (rabbit and porcine) and clinical trial	Promote wound healing speed. Prior to the clinical trial, wounds treated with the silk fibroin healed ~14 days post-surgery, which was remarkably faster than the untreated control (21 days)	[106]
Carrageenan	Seaweeds	Topical gel	To treat full-thickness wounds	Strong antibacterial activity to destroy Staphylococcus epidermis and Escherichia coli within 3 h of incubation	In vivo (rats)	Wound area reduction. Excellent wound healing effect (1.3% wound area after 2 weeks)	[107]
Aloe vera	Not specified	Topical gel	Treat various ailments of the skin due to its anti-inflammatory and antimicrobial properties	Stimulate the release of several growth factors	In vivo (rats)	Increase in rate of contraction of wound area	[108,109,110]
Honey	Not specified	Topical	Antioxidant, antimicrobial, and anti-inflammatory properties	Wound healing effects are due to its antibacterial action, high acidity, osmotic effect, antioxidant, and hydrogen peroxide content	Clinical studies	Honey was not found to benefit chronic venous leg ulcers; lack of statistical evidence to prove the use of honey on superficial and partial thickness burn wounds	[111,112]
Cocoa	Not specified	Topical	Treat various ailments of the skin	Improves re-epithelialization	Porcine model	Wound healing improved, but limited studies have claimed the above results	[113]