Table 1.
Representative optical biosensors papers for the detection of SARS-CoV-2.
| Journal | Detection Limit | Analyte Types | Optical Effect | Year | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Biosensors and Bioelectronics | 2 μL | The genes of S, N, and Orf1ab | Evanescent wave fluorescence | 2021 | [79] |
| Talanta | 1.0 mg/mL | Immunoglobulins (G, M, and A) | Colorimetric | 2021 | [80] |
| Talanta | 12.5 ng/mL | IgG antibody | Evanescent wave fluorescence | 2021 | [81] |
| Sensors and Actuators B: Chemical | 1 and 0.033 ng/mL | Spike 1 protein | Fluorescent bifunctional | 2022 | [82] |
| Chemical Engineering Journal | 43.70 aM | RNA-dependent RNA polymerase gene | Electrochemiluminescence | 2022 | [83] |
| Environmental Science: Nano | 32.80 aM | RNA-dependent RNA polymerase gene | Electrochemiluminescence | 2022 | [84] |
| Biosensors and Bioelectronics | 2.75 fM | Spike protein, matrix protein, envelope protein, and nucleocapsid | Colorimetry G-quadruplex | 2020 | [85] |
| Virology | - | Nucleocapsid protein | Luminescence | 2021 | [86] |
| Talanta | 59 aM | Nucleic acid | Electrochemiluminescence | 2022 | [87] |
| Chemical Engineering Journal | 7.8 aM | RNA-dependent RNA polymerase gene | Electrochemiluminescence | 2022 | [88] |
| Viruses | 50 μg/mL | Angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 | Bioluminescent | 2021 | [89] |
| Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory | 50 μg/mL | Angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 | Bioluminescent | 2020 | [90] |
| Physica Scripta | 1020 nm/refractive index unit (RIU) | Pathogens of SARS-CoV-2 | Refractive index | 2022 | [38] |
| Sensors and Actuators B: Chemical | - | Spike protein | Optical interferometry | 2021 | [91] |
| SSRN Electronic Journal | 833.33 nm/RIU | Spike glycoprotein | Refractive index | 2022 | [92] |
| Talanta | 514 aM | spike protein, nucleocapsid protein, the RNA-dependent RNA polymerase gene | Electrochemiluminescence | 2022 | [93] |
| Sensors | 0.1 fM | Open reading frames 1ab gene | Electrochemiluminescence | 2022 | [94] |
| Talanta | 0.22 pM | Spike protein | Refractive index | 2021 | [55] |
| Analytica Chimica Acta | 48 ng/mL | SARS-CoV-2 spike antigen | Colorimetric | 2021 | [95] |
| Analytica Chimica Acta | 1.0 × 10−6 RIU | Spike protein receptor-binding domain | Fresnel reflection | 2021 | [96] |
| 2021 IEEE 15th International Conference on Nano/Molecular Medicine & Engineering (NANOMED) | COVID-19 virus detection by delivering quick, dependable results | Refractive index | 2021 | [22] | |
| Scilight | ∼106 virions/mL | SARS-CoV-2 proteins (membrane, envelope, and spike) | Colorimetric | 2021 | [97] |
| Biosensors and Bioelectronics | 17 aM | SARS-CoV-2 RNAs with single molecule sensitivity | Electro-optofluidic | 2021 | [98] |
| Biosensors and Bioelectronics | - | Nucleic-acid-based testing | Colorimetric | 2021 | [99] |
| Journal of the American Chemical Society | - | Spike antigen and cultured virus | Luminescent | 2022 | [100] |
| Biosensors and Bioelectronics | 370 vp/mL | SARS-CoV-2 virus particles in one step | Nanoplasmonic resonance | 2021 | [101] |
| ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces | 0.21 fM | RNA-dependent RNA polymerase gene | Electrochemiluminescence | 2021 | [102] |
| In vitro models | 1 μg/mL | S protein of SARS-CoV-2 | Colorimetric | 2022 | [103] |
| Biosensors and Bioelectronics | 3 copies/μL | Two regions in nucleocapsid gene (N1 and N2 genes) | Fluorescence polarization | 2021 | [104] |
| Biosensors and Bioelectronics | 1 mg/mL | Immunoglobulins G and M | Optical/chemiluminescence | 2021 | [105] |
| Viruses | 100 pM | Spike proteins, nucleocapsid proteins | Fluorescent | 2022 | [106] |
| Microchimica Acta | Angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 | Colorimetric | 2021 | [107] |