Table 1.
Patient Characteristics and Results of the VMA
| Variable | Setup cohort (N=40) | Validation cohort (N=162) | Total cohort (N=202) | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| With CAS (N=20) | Without CAS (N=20) | P value | With CAS (N=89) | Without CAS (N=73) | P value | With CAS (N=109) | Without CAS (N=93) | P value | |
| Patient characteristics | |||||||||
| Age, y | 69.5±10.5 | 67.5±10.9 | 0.568 | 70.2±10.3 | 65.7±11.0 | 0.008 | 70.1±10.3 | 66.1±11.0 | 0.008 |
| Male sex | 13 (65) | 16 (80) | 0.288 | 63 (71) | 66 (90) | 0.002 | 76 (70) | 82 (88) | 0.002 |
| BMI, kg/m2 | 25.5±3.1 | 25.8±3.6 | 0.813 | 24.4±4.9 | 26.2±3.2 | 0.007 | 24.6±4.6 | 26.1±3.2 | 0.009 |
| Diabetes | 6 (30) | 7 (35) | 0.736 | 33 (37) | 34 (47) | 0.222 | 39 (36) | 41 (44) | 0.229 |
| Hypertension | 16 (80) | 10 (50) | 0.047 | 67 (75) | 58 (80) | 0.529 | 83 (76) | 68 (73) | 0.621 |
| Dyslipidemia | 12 (60) | 19 (95) | 0.008 | 69 (78) | 49 (67) | 0.138 | 81 (74) | 68 (73) | 0.848 |
| Atrial fibrillation | 1 (5) | 1 (5) | 1.000 | 5 (6) | 2 (3) | 0.459 | 6 (6) | 3 (3) | 0.511 |
| Cervical irradiationhistory | 4 (20) | 0 (0) | 0.106 | 18 (20) | 0 (0) | <0.001 | 22 (20.2) | 0 (0) | <0.001 |
| Hemoglobin, g/dL | 12.9±2.1 | 13.5±1.8 | 0.336 | 13.2±2.0 | 13.7±1.8 | 0.145 | 13.2±2.1 | 13.6±1.8 | 0.087 |
| Creatinine, mg/dL | 1.4±0.7 | 1.1±0.6 | 0.282 | 1.5±1.8 | 1.6±2.2 | 0.686 | 1.4±1.6 | 1.5±2.0 | 0.859 |
| Fasting glucose, mg/dL | 106.7±26.5 | 108.1±26.2 | 0.868 | 111.2±34.4 | 121.8±41.8 | 0.088 | 110.3±33.0 | 118.7±39.2 | 0.102 |
| HbA1c, % | 6.2±1.0 | 6.1±0.09 | 0.621 | 6.3±1.1 | 6.1±0.9 | 0.322 | 6.3±1.1 | 6.1±0.9 | 0.257 |
| Total cholesterol, mg/dL | 171.2±35.8 | 148.6±37.4 | 0.058 | 151.1±30.2 | 149.9±42.1 | 0.833 | 154.8±32.1 | 149.6±41.0 | 0.316 |
| Triglyceride, mg/dL | 135.1±68.0 | 129.2±101.4 | 0.831 | 125.9±55.8 | 143.0±160.3 | 0.349 | 127.6±58.0 | 140.0±149.1 | 0.424 |
| LDL‐C, mg/dL | 99.8±25.0 | 78.7±29.7 | 0.020 | 83.2±24.1 | 82.2±29.6 | 0.804 | 82.3±25.0 | 81.4±29.5 | 0.208 |
| HDL‐C, mg/dL | 46.6±13.3 | 49.0±9.1 | 0.519 | 45.6±11.1 | 44.7±11.3 | 0.599 | 45.8±11.5 | 45.6±11.5 | 0.903 |
| Carotid Doppler ultrasound | |||||||||
| Isolated right CAS | 4 (20) | 0 (0) | N/A | 30 (34) | 0 (0) | N/A | 34 (31) | 0 (0) | N/A |
| Isolated left CAS | 6 (30) | 0 (0) | N/A | 23 (26) | 0 (0) | N/A | 29 (27) | 0 (0) | N/A |
| Bilateral CAS | 10 (50) | 0 (0) | N/A | 36 (40) | 0 (0) | N/A | 46 (42) | 0 (0) | N/A |
| Severity of CAS stenosis* | |||||||||
| Normal (0%–29%) | 0 (0) | 13 (65) | <0.001 | 0 (0) | 57 (78) | <0.001 | 0 (0) | 70 (75) | <0.001 |
| Mild (30%–49%) | 0 (0) | 7 (35) | 0 (0) | 16 (22) | 0 (0) | 23 (25) | |||
| Moderate (50%–69%) | 1 (5) | 0 (0) | 21 (24) | 0 (0) | 22 (20) | 0 (0) | |||
| Severe (70%–99%) | 14 (70) | 0 (0) | 52 (58) | 0 (0) | 66 | 0 (0) | |||
| Total occlusion (100%) | 5 (25) | 0 (0) | 16 (18) | 0 (0) | 21 (19) | 0 (0) | |||
| VMA | |||||||||
| Discrepancy value | 7.9±2.9 | 3.2±2.0 | <0.001 | 9.4±4.5 | 3.0±2.1 | <0.001 | 9.1±4.2 | 3.1±2.1 | <0.001 |
Data are given as mean±SD or number (percentage). BMI indicates body mass index; CAS, carotid artery stenosis; HbA1c, hemoglobin A1c; HDL‐C, high‐density lipoprotein cholesterol; LDL‐C, low‐density lipoprotein cholesterol; N/A, not applicable; and VMA, video‐based motion analysis.
*
The severity of CAS was defined as the greatest carotid stenosis in bilateral extracranial carotid arteries.