Table 2.

A summary of the different SMQDs synthesis methods.

SMQDs	Functionalization(s)	Synthesis Method of SMQDs	Ref.
Ta4C3	Manganese oxide (MnOx), ‘soy bean’ phospholipid (SP)	HF etching	[116]
Ti3C2	Poly ‘lactic-co- glycolic acid’ (PLGA), SP, IONPs	HF etching, TPAOH intercalation	[117]
TiO2–Ti3C2	Hemoglobin (Hb), Nafion	Hydrothermal synthesis	[118,119]
Ti3C2	Cobalt nanowires (CoNWs), Dox	LiF + HCl etching	[120]
Ti3C2 QDs	–	Hydrothermal synthesis	[121]
Ti2N QDs	SP	KF + HCl etching, sonication in NMP	[122]
Nb2C QDs	–	HF etching, TPAOH sonication (ultrasoundassisted)	[123]