Table 2.

Fertility preservation options for transwomen.

Fertility Preservation Method	Description	Advantages	Limitations
Sperm cryopreservation	Semen sample obtained by masturbation and cryopreserved	Well-established method Less invasive Cost-efficient Effective method for fertility preservation Partner not needed	Post-pubertal patients Cessation of hormonal treatment recommended Self-ejaculation process needed, which may lead to gender dysphoria Multiple samples may be necessary due to relatively poor quality of sperm
Testicular tissue cryopreservation	Surgically obtained testicular tissue is cryopreserved	Only available option for prepubertal patients No need to go through masturbation/ejaculation for patients with poor sperm parameters	Experimental Invasive surgery under anesthesia Costly auto-transplantation to the testis, scrotum, or ectopic subdermal locations may be required