Table 1.
Some interventions targeting the hyperinflammation of sepsis that have been assessed in clinical trials, with some key references.
| Intervention | Refs | Intervention | Refs |
|---|---|---|---|
| Corticosteroids | [13,14,15,16] | Alkaline phosphatase | [19,20] |
| Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory agents (ibuprofen) | [18] | Statins | [21,22] |
| Anti-TNF (antibodies, receptors) | [5,23] | Activated protein C/thrombomodulin | [24,25,26] |
| Anti-IL-1 (IL-1ra) | [6,27] | TFPI/antithrombin | [28,29,30] |
| Anti-TLR4 | [31,32] | Lactoferrin | [33,34] |
| Bradykinin inhibitors | [35] | Levocarnitine | [36] |
| Interferon | [37] | Thymosin alfa 1 | [38] |
| Anti-PAF | [7,39] | Antioxidants (N-acetylcysteine) | [40] |
| Nitric oxide inhibitors/scavengers | [41,42] | Vitamins | [43] |
| Antiendotoxin (antibodies, purification) | [44,45,46,47,48] | Traditional Chinese medicines (e.g., Xuebijing) | [49] |
TNF: tumor necrosis factor; IL: interleukin; ra: receptor antagonist; TLR: Toll-like receptor; PAF: platelet-activating factor; TFPI: tissue factor pathway inhibitor.