Table 2.
Detailed analysis of exosomal non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs) mediated resistance to alkylating therapy.
| Type of Cancer | Anticancer Agent | EXO Cellular Source | EXO Cargo | Targeted Regulatory Network | Main In Vitro ncRNAs/EXO Effect |
Main In Vivo ncRNAs/EXO Effect | Ref. |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Glioblastoma | Temozolomide | A172/TMZ | miR-25-3p | FBXW7 | (1) Increasing the cancer cell proliferation (2) Inhibition of cancer cell apoptosis |
(1) Increasing the tumor size in a mouse model (2) Chemotherapy failure of GBM patients was associated with high miR-25-3p expression |
[136] |
| Glioblastoma | Temozolomide | Rec GBM N3T3rd |
lncRNA SBF2-AS1 | miR-151a-3p/XRCC4 | (1) Increasing the cancer cell proliferation (2) Inhibition of cancer cell apoptosis (3) Increasing the DNA damage repair |
(1) Increasing the tumor size in a mouse model (2) Chemotherapy failure of GBM patients was associated with high lncRNA SBF2-AS1 expression |
[137] |
| Glioblastoma | Temozolomide | LN229/TMZ | lncRNA TALC | ENO1/p38 MAPK/MEF2C/C5 | (1) Inhibition of cancer cell apoptosis (2) Increasing the DNA damage repair |
(1) Increasing the tumor size in a mouse model (2) High expression of C5 induced by lncRNA TALC was associated with a poor prognosis in mice and GBM patients |
[138] |
| Glioblastoma | Temozolomide | U251/TMZ | hsa_circ_0042003 | Heparanase | (1) Increasing the cancer cell proliferation (2) Inhibition of cancer cell apoptosis |
(1) Increasing the tumor size in a mouse model (2) Chemotherapy failure of GBM patients was associated with high hsa_circ_0042003 expression |
[139] |
| Glioblastoma | Temozolomide | A172/TMZ U251/TMZ |
circ-HIPK3 | miR-421/ZIC5 | (1) Increasing the cancer cell proliferation and invasion (2) Inhibition of cancer cell apoptosis |
(1) Increasing the tumor size in a mouse model (2) Chemotherapy failure of GBM patients was associated with high circ-HIPK3 expression |
[140] |
Abbreviations: A172/TMZ = temozolomide-resistant glioblastoma cell line, C5 = complement component 5, circ-HIPK3 = circRNA homeodomain-interacting protein kinase 3, ENO1 = enolase 1, EXO = exosomes, FBXW7 = F-box and WD repeat domain-containing-7, GBM = glioblastoma, LN229/TMZ = temozolomide-resistant glioblastoma cell line, lncRNA = long non-coding RNA, lncRNA SBF2-AS1 = lncRNA SBF2 antisense RNA 1, lncRNA TALC = lncRNA temozolomide-associated lncRNA in glioblastoma recurrence, MEF2C = myocyte enhancer factor 2C, N3T3rd = temozolomide-resistant glioblastoma cell line, ncRNAs = non-coding RNAs, ND = not determined, p38 MAPK = p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase, Rec GBM = temozolomide-resistant glioblastoma cell line, TMZ = temozolomide, U251/TMZ = temozolomide-resistant astrocytoma cell line, XRCC4 = X-ray repair cross complementing 4, ZIC5 = zinc finger protein of the cerebellum 5.