Figure 2.

ELAM ameliorates mitochondrial function. (A) Representative renal immunofluorescence staining for PINK (green) and Parkin (red). No change in their co-localization showed no mitophagy. (B) Renal oxidative stress was evaluated by in situ production of superoxide anion by fluorescence microscopy using dihydroethidium (DHE), showing increased renal oxidative stress that ELAM ameliorated. (C–E) Mitochondrial function in MetS kidneys. Mitochondrial ATP production (ATP/ADP ratio) decreased in MetS compared to lean kidneys and were restored in MetS + ELAM. H₂O₂ production increased in MetS kidneys but normalized in MetS + ELAM. Compared to Lean, COX-IV activity was lower in MetS, but not in MetS + ELAM. * p < 0.05 vs. lean, + p < 0.05 vs. MetS, Scale bar = 20 µm.