ELAM improves injured-PK1 cells mitochondrial function and autophagy proteins. (A,B) representative immunofluorescence staining (×40) for the mitochondrial membrane potential marker tetramethylrhodamine ethylester (TMRE; green) and the mitochondrial superoxide indicator (MitoSOX; red). (C,D) mitochondrial membrane potential decreased in PA+TNF-α-treated cells compared with control but increased after ELAM. Mito-SOX showed an opposite pattern in mitochondrial oxidative stress. (E,F) Protein expression of autophagy mediators in PA+TNF-α-treated PK1 cells with or without ELAM. * p < 0.05 vs. CONTROL, # p < 0.05 vs. ELAM, + p < 0.05 vs. PA+TNF-α. Scale bar = 20 µm.