Suppression of the L1-mediated increase in cell proliferation, motility, tumorigenicity, and metastasis by the expression of TFF1. (A) The proliferation of pcDNA3-transfected control LS 174T CRC cells (pcDNA3), L1-overexpressing CRC cells (L1), and L1 + TFF1-overexpressing CRC cell clones (L1 + TFF1 cl1 and cl2) in the presence of 0.5% serum was determined over five days; (B) the motility of the CRC cell clones described in (A) was determined by the “scratch wound” closure method 24 h after introducing the “wound”, as percent wound closure; (C,D) the tumorigenic ability of the CRC cell clones described in (A) was determined by subcutaneous injection of the CRC cell clones described in (A); two weeks after injection, the tumors were excised, photographed (C), and their weight determined (D); (E,F) the metastatic capacity of the cell lines described in (A) was determined by injecting each cell clone into groups of 4 mice and determining the development of liver metastases after six weeks. The yellow arrows point to tumor growth at the site of injection in the spleen, while the white arrows point to metastatic growth in the liver of the corresponding mice. * p < 0.05, ** p < 0.01.