Figure 2.

To thrive in the nutrient-deprived TME, PDAC relies on autophagy and macropinocytosis for intracellular nutrient recycling and extracellular nutrient scavenging. Autophagy targets the intracellular constituents, such as protein aggregates and damaged organelles, while macropinocytosis engulfs the extracellular nutrients via protrusion of the plasma membrane. Both autophagy and macropinocytosis depend on the lysosome for the degradation of their cargos and recycling of nutrients. Inhibitors are shown in gray frames. Figure 2 is adapted from reference [41], the use of which is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International license https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.