Table 3.
Effects of probiotics treatment in animals and human experimental studies.
| Probiotic | Model | Diet | Duration | Treatment Effects | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG | Mice | High-fructose diet-induced NAFLD | 8 weeks | 1. Improvement of the accumulation of fat in the liver 2. Reduction of liver inflammation (↓TNFα, ↓IL-8R, ↓IL-1β), as well as steatosis 3. Increase in gut beneficial bacteria 4. Restoration of tight junction proteins, resulting in gut barrier function amelioration |
[167] |
| Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG and Lactobacillus plantarum WCFS1 | Sprague-Dawley rats | High-fat diet-induced NAFLD | 21 weeks | 1. Reduction of gut endotoxemia level, as well as the expression of inflammatory cytokines 2. Amelioration of GM and intestinal barrier function 3. Increase in CYP7A1 and LDL-R, resulting in improvement of lipid metabolism and insulin resistance |
[183] |
| Bifidobacterium infantis , Lactobacillus acidopilus, Bacillus cereus | Rats | High-fat/high-sucrose diet-induced NAFLD | 12 weeks | 1. Downregulation of LPS/TLR4 signaling pathway, resulting in slowing the progression of NAFLD 2. Improvement of GM dysbiosis and the intestinal barrier function 3. Reduction of body weight 4. Decrease in TNFα, and IL-18 expression, as well as ALT, AST, GGT, and ALP activities |
[171] |
| Lactobacillus plantarum ATG-K2 and ATG-K6 | Wistar rats | High-fat and fructose-diet-induced NAFLD | 8 weeks | 1. Modulation of GM 2. Downregulating of de novo lipogenesis-associated genes 3. Reduction of body weight and hepatic lipid accumulation 4. Increasing of antioxidant enzymes (SOD, GPx, CAT), and decreasing of ALT and AST serum levels |
[184] |
| Bifidobacterium animalis subsp. Lactis V9 | Wistar rats | High-fat diet-induced NAFLD | 9 weeks | 1. Decrease in ALT, AST, TLR4, and TLR9 levels, resulting in alleviation of hepatic steatosis and liver damage 2. Reduction of serum glucose level, as well as hepatic triglycerides and free fatty acids accumulation 3. Restoration of hepatic phosphorylated-AMPK and PPAR-α levels, and reduction of SREBP-1c and FAS expression 4. Attenuation of liver inflammation, by inhibiting inflammatory cytokines synthesis (IL-6, IL-1β, TNFα) |
[185] |
| Lactobacillus acidophilus La5 , Bifidobacterium lactis Bb12 | 72 NAFLD patients | 8 weeks | 1. Decreasing of ALT and AST activity 2. Reduction of triglycerides and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol serum levels, as well as total cholesterol |
[186] | |
| Multiprobiotic “Lactocare” (L. casei, L. acidophilus, L. rhamnosus, L. bulgaricus, B. breve, B. longum, Streptococcus thermophilus) | 42 NAFLD patients | 8 weeks | 1. Decrease in TNFα and IL-6 expression, as well as FBS and insulin | [178] | |
| Probiotics mixture (Bifidobacterium, Lactobacillus, and Enterococcus; Bacillus subtilis and Enterococcus) | 200 NAFLD patients | 1 month | 1. Improvement of GM composition, by inhibiting TNFα expression and ameliorating adiponectin level 2. Decrease in ALT and AST serum levels 3. Amelioration of lipid metabolism and fatty liver |
[157] | |
| Multiprobiotic “Symbiter” (Bifidobacterium, Lactobacillus, Lactococcus, Propionibacterium, Acetobacter) | 58 NAFLD patients | 8 weeks | 1. Reduction of liver fat (↓total cholesterol and ↓triglycerides) 2. Decreasing of AST and GGT activity, as well as TNFα and IL-6 expression |
[182] | |
| Lactobacillus paracasei DSM 24733 , Lactobacillus plantarum DSM 24730, Lactobacillus acidophilus DSM 24735 and Lactobacillus delbrueckii subsp. bulgaricus DSM 24734, Bifidobacterium longum DSM 24736, Bifidobacterium infantis DSM 24737, Bifidobacterium breve DSM 24732, and Streptococcus thermophilus DSM 24731 | 30 NAFLD patients | 12 months | 1. Improvement of liver histology 2. Reduction in steatohepatitis 3. Decrease in ALP, AST, and ALT activity, as well as endotoxins, TNFα, IL-1β, and IL-6 levels |
[187] |
Abbreviations: ALP: alkaline phosphatase; ALT: alanine aminotransferase; AMPK: AMP-activated protein kinase; AST: aspartate aminotransferase; CAT: catalase; CYP7A1: cholesterol 7 α-hydroxylase; FAS: lipogenic enzyme fatty acid synthase; FBS: fasting blood sugar; GPx: glutathione peroxidase; GGT: gamma glutamyl transferase; IL-1β: interleukin 1β; IL-6: interleukin 6; IL-8R: interleukin 8 receptor; IL-18: interleukin 18; LDL-R: low-density lipoprotein receptor; LPS/TLR4: lipopolysaccharide/toll-like receptor 4; PPAR-α: peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor α; SOD: superoxide dismutase; SREBP-1c: sterol-regulatory element binding protein-1c; TLR9: toll-like receptor 9; TNFα: tumor necrosis factor α.