Table 1.
Tissue | Localization | Species | Function | References |
---|---|---|---|---|
Brain | the apical membrane of epithelial cells of the choroid plexus |
Human, Rat, Mouse | responsible for the uptake of carnosine from cerebrospinal fluid | [17,19,20,36,37]; |
Reproductive organ | reproductive organs including testis, prostate, ovary and uterus | Rat, Mouse | absorption of di- and tri-peptides and peptidomimetic drugs in reproductive organ | [9,38] |
Spleen | splenic lymphocytes and macrophages | Mouse, Human | mediate the innate immune response to bacterially produced chemotactic peptidomimetics in the spleen, especially macrophages | [31] |
Kidney | brush border membrane of the epithelial cells in the proximal tubule | Human, Rat, Mouse, Rabbit | tubular reabsorption of carnosine into epithelial cells | [10,15,16,39] |
Lung | bronchial epithelial cells and alveolar type II epithelial cells | Human | mediates the active translocation of peptides across the lung | [40] |
Mammary gland | epithelial cells of mammary glands and ducts | Rat, Rabbit, Bovine, Human, Pig, Caprine | mediates the transport of peptides into the mammary gland | [23,25,26,27,41,42] |
Skin | keratinocytes | Human | mediates the absorption of di-peptide, tripeptides and peptidomic drugs | [29] |
heart | cardiomyocytes | Pig, Rat | serves to peptide uptake | [43,44] |