Table 1.
Secreted cytokines that mediate inflammation and their role in the implantation process.
| Pregnancy | Secreted Factor | Role | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|
| Preimplantation | TNFα | Induction of IL-1β secretion. | [6,7] |
| IL-1β | Promotion/propagation of decidualization and modulation of maternal NK cells, secretion of chemokines, and other factors required for implantation. Enhanced glycoprotein fucosylation. Regulation of the synthesis/secretion of trophoblastic matrix metalloproteinases MMP-2, MMP-3, and MMP-9 involved in trophoblast invasion. |
[15,16,17,18,19,20,21] | |
| Implantation | IL-1β | Promotion/propagation of decidualization and modulation of maternal NK cells, secretion of chemokines, and other factors required for implantation. | [15,18,20] |
| IL-6 | Stimulation of migration and trophoblast invasion. | [22,23] | |
| IL-8 | Stimulation of migration and trophoblast invasion. | [24,25] | |
| TNFα | Protection of the maternal tissue against excessive trophoblast invasion through the mechanism based on trophoblastic cell apoptosis. Regulation of synthesis/secretion of trophoblastic matrix metalloproteinases MMP-2, MMP-3, and MMP-9 participating in trophoblast invasion. |
[26,27,28,29] | |
| IFNγ | Protection of the maternal tissue against excessive trophoblast invasion through the mechanism based on trophoblastic cells apoptosis. | [9,29,30,31] |
Abbreviations: tumor necrosis factor α (TNF-α); interleukin 1β (IL-1β); interleukin 6 (IL-6); interleukin 8 (IL-8); interferon gamma (IFNγ).