Table 1.

Non-exhaustive summary of eligible minority stressors and positive identity aspects on the individual, couple, and family level.

	Level
Type	Individual	Couple	Family
Minority stressors	Distal: Harm to physical/sexual integrity (including victimization, harassment, physical or sexual abuse, hate crimes); unequal treatment/discrimination in various settings (e.g., work, healthcare); indignities (including insults, hate speech, name-calling, teasing, being misgendered, verbal harassment, microaggressions, micro-invalidations). Proximal: Sexual orientation/gender identity concealment (including outness [R], openness [R], disclosure [R]); internalized homo-, bi-, or transnegativity (including internalized heterosexism, internalized cissexism, internalized homo-, bi-, transphobia); rejection sensitivity (including expectations of rejection or fearing rejection).	Distal: Experiences of distal stressors as listed on the individual level, specifically because of being member(s) of an LGBTQ+ couple. Proximal: Concealment of the relationship or the partner (including avoidance of public display of affection); internalized negative attitudes towards LGBTQ+ relationships; rejection sensitivity regarding the relationship or partner (including expectations or fear of rejection).	Distal: Experiences of distal stressors as listed on the individual level, specifically because of being member(s) of an LGBTQ+ parent family. Proximal: Concealment of the family structure; internalized negative attitudes towards LGBTQ+ parent families or LGBTQ+ parenting (including feeling pressure to raise (or be) a child who is exceptional and well-adjusted); rejection sensitivity regarding the family or family members (e.g., children, including expectations and fearing discrimination of the child or other family members).
Positive identity aspects	Increased self-awareness due to LGBTQ+ identity; increased empathy and authenticity in social relationships due to LGBTQ+ identity; pride in the LGBTQ+ identity; feeling connected to the LGBTQ+ community; freedom from societal norms; serving as a role model; valuing social justice and engaging in activism.	Increased capacity for intimacy due to LGBTQ+ identity; exploration of sexuality and gender roles within relationships.	Serving as a role model for LGBTQ+ parents; feeling connected to the community of LGBTQ+ parent families; pride in raising/being a respectful child appreciative of diversity; freedom from gendered parenting roles; engaging in activism with regard to LGBTQ+ parent family issues.

Note. [R] = reversed. We consider minority stress and positive identity aspects experienced by children to map onto the family level, as their origins lie in the family structure. Distal minority stressors do not have to be operationalized as being based on LGBTQ+ (parent family) identity.