Table 1.

Novel diagnostic modalities summarized.

Diagnostic Advancements	Action	Study
PD-1:PD-L1	Diagnostic predictor for gastric cancer; elevated levels were found in precancerous gastric lesions.	27
Pepsinogen 1:Pepsinogen 2	Serum biomarker for H. pylori gastritis.	28
Helicobacter Pylori Genome Project	H. pylori genetic/epigenomic biomarker for early gastric cancer diagnosis.	35
Analyzing gastric mucosa	Magnifying images 136 times with better quality to assess early signs of inflammation.	36
Linked Color Imaging	Helps better differentiate between inflamed mucosa from normal mucosa.	37