Table 2.

Novel therapeutic modalities summarized.

Therapeutic Advancements	Action	Study
LC3 (autophagy marker) CD44 (gastric cancer marker)	Potential therapeutic targets. Autophagy inhibitors decreased H. pylori migration and CD44 expression.	29
Heparanase	Found to be upregulated in H. pylori infection. When blocked, H. pylori colonization and immune cell recruitment decreased.	30
Carbonic Anhydrase	When blocked, decreased H. pylori biofilm ability and antibiotic resistance.	30,31
Novel Drug Carriers	Improves amoxicillin activity.	32
Vonoprazan	Reversible H+K+ ATPase inhibitor with faster onset and longer half-life than current PPIs.	33
Novel Antibiotic Drug 7f	Inhibits H. pylori’s urease.	34
Radioactive Iodine (131)	Toxic to H. pylori.	38