Table 3.

Technologies use to enhance the oxidative stability of black seed oil and their components.

Source/Component	Method	Capsulation	Efficiency/Yield	Peroxide Value	Size Detection	Particle Size	Conclusion	References
Thymoquinone	Nanoprecipitation	Nanoparticles	97.5%	-	Transmission electron Microscopy	150 and 200 nm	Thymoquinone nanoparticles showed that the higher bioavailability; therefore, it can be used as anti-proliferative, anti-inflammatory, and chemo sensitizing agents against many disorders in humans and animals.	[80]
Black seed oil	Ultra-sonication and spray-drying	Micro- and nano-encapsulation	-	100 μg Fe3+	Electron microscope	Microencapsulation = 250 nm to 400 nm; nanoencapsulation = 50 to 188 nm	The oxidative stability of encapsulated materials was improved during storage, and its stability was close to fresh oil.	[50]
Oleoresin	Spray-drying	Encapsulation	84.2 to 96.2%	-	Static light scattering instrument	3.08 to 11.84 μm	Microcapsules can be used as a functional ingredient in various processed food and meat products, as well as in nutraceutical and other pharmaceutical applications with maximum stability.	[51]
Nigella sativa seeds oil	Nanoprecipitation	Nanoparticles	70% to 84%.	-	Malvern particle size analyzer	230 to 260 nm	The stability of nanoparticles was significantly improved after 30 days of storage. These nanoparticles can be used to improve skin penetration and reduce systemic concentration.	[81]
Black seed oil	Electrohydrodynamic atomization	Encapsulation	67.201% to 104.50%	-	Olympus light microscope	Oil emulsion = 282.93 to 463.23 nm	The results revealed that the emulsion with lecithin exhibited the higher emulsion stability (3% and 1%).	[125]
Black seed oil	Freeze-drying	Encapsulation	63% to 87%	-	Inverse phase microscopy	173 to 382 nm	The stability of encapsulation showed that the liposomal preparation was stable at ambient conditions for one month.	[96]
Black seed oil	Electrospray technique	Microencapsulation	100%	-	Digital microscope	Less than 3 mm	This study indicated the palatability was significantly improved in encapsulation, without reducing thymoquinone stability.	[126]
Black seed oil	Coaxial electrospraying	Encapsulation	65.3% to 97.2%	19.50 to 30.57 meq O2/kg	Field emission scanning electron microscope	116 to 257 nm	Nanoencapsulation of black seed oil significantly improved the oxidative stability, due to form the coaxial structures.	[127]
Black cumin seed oil	Freeze-drying	Encapsulation	Plasmolyzed loaded yeast encapsule = 59.97%; non-plasmolyzed loaded yeast encapsule—39.18%		Scanning electron microscopy	-	The stability of encapsulated black cumin seed oil with yeast cell of S. cerevisiae was successfully increased in suitable condition, compared to black seed cumin oil and nonplasmolysed yeast cell.	[128]