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. 2022 Sep 6;10(3):60. doi: 10.3390/diseases10030060

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© 2022 by the authors.

Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

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(A) Illustration depicting various immunotherapy approaches for cancer treatment. Created with BioRender.com. (B). Three steps of cancer immunoediting process: elimination, equilibrium, and escape. (Abbreviations: NK, natural killer; NKT, natural killer T; DC, dendritic cell; MΦ, macrophage; MDSC, myeloid-derived suppressor cells, IFN, interferon; IL, interleukin; CTLA-4, cytotoxic T lymphocyte-associated protein-4; PDL-1, programmed cell death ligand 1; PD-1, programmed death 1; Treg, T regulatory; IDO, indoleamine 2,3-deoxygenase; TGF-β, transforming growth factor-β).