Table 2.
Frequency bands activity studies.
| Study | Cognitive Domains | EEG Indices | Sample Size | Correlations between EEG Indices and Cognitive Functions in Patients and High-Risk Subjects |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Delta activity | ||||
| Dias et al., 2020 [84] | Attention/Vigilance, Working Memory, Speed of Processing, Verbal Learning, Visual Learning, Reasoning and Problem Solving (MCCB) |
Delta amplitude
Task-related |
SCZ = 24 HCs = 25 Mean age: SCZ = 37 y; HC = 36 y |
SCZ < HCs No significant correlation between evoked delta amplitude and cognitive domains |
| Gica et al., 2019 [85] | Emotion Recognition, Attention (CANTAB Reaction Time); Visual Memory (CANTAB Paired Associate Learning); Sustained Attention (Rapid Visual Information Processing); Planning (CANTAB One Touch Stockings of Cambridge); Flexible thinking (CANTAB Intra-Extra Dimensional Set Shift); Executive functions (CANTAB) |
Delta power
Resting state |
SCZ = 24 (DSM-V) Mean age: 36 y |
Negative correlation between delta power and emotion recognition |
| Koshiyama D. et al., 2021 [86] | Verbal Memory (CVLT); Working Memory (LNS) |
Delta power and PDI
Resting state |
SCZ = 148 HCs = 143 Mean age: SCZ = 46 y; HCs = 40 y |
Delta power SCZ > HCs No significant association between delta power and cognitive domains Delta PDI SCZ = HCs No significant association between delta PDI and cognitive domains |
| Martínez A. et al., 2019 [87] | Face-emotion recognition (FER) and Social Perception (behavioural task) |
Delta power
Task-related |
SCZs = 19 HCs = 17 (SCID) Mean age: SCZ = 37 y; HCs = 34 y |
SCZ < HCs Positive correlation between evoked delta power and social perception |
| Martínez et al., 2018 [88] | Attention/Vigilance, Working Memory, Speed of Processing, Verbal Learning, Visual Learning, Reasoning and Problem Solving Neurocognitive Composite Domains Score (MCCB) |
Delta power
Task-related |
SCZ = 63 AP = 32 HCs = 44 (DSM-V; SIPS) Mean age: N.A. |
SCZ and AP < HCs Positive correlation between evoked delta power with the cognitive composite score, visual learning, attention/vigilance and speed of processing |
| Prieto M et al., 2021 [89] | Working Memory, Immediate and Delayed Verbal Learning, Verbal Fluency, Speed of Processing and Psychomotor Speed (SCIP-S); Attention (D2 Test of Attention) |
Delta power
Task-related |
SCZs = 22 HCs = 23 (ICD-10) Mean age: SCZ = 37 y; HCs = 39 y |
SCZ = HCs Negative correlation between evoked delta power and working memory |
| Qu et al., 2020 [90] | Attention/Vigilance, Working Memory, Speed of Processing, Verbal Learning, Visual Learning, Reasoning and Problem Solving, Social Cognition (MCCB) |
Delta power
Task-related |
FEP = 20 HCs = 33 (SCID; DSM-IV) Mean age: FEP = 22 y; HCs = 22 y |
No correlation was found between delta event-related power and cognitive functions |
| Wu G. et al., 2021 [91] | Attention/Vigilance, Working Memory, Speed of Processing, Verbal Learning, Visual Learning, Reasoning and Problem Solving (MCCB) |
Delta power
Delta ITC Task-related (auditory oddball task) |
CHR = 104 (SIPS) Mean age: 18 y |
Evoked Delta power No correlations between evoked delta power and cognitive domains Delta ITC Positive correlation between Delta ITC and speed of processing |
| Theta activity | ||||
| Andreou et al., 2015 [92] | Memory (WMS); Attention (WAIS); Visuomotor Sequencing (TMT); Letter Fluency (RWT) |
Theta connectivity
Resting state |
HR = 28 FES = 19 HCs = 23 (MINI, SPI, SIPS) Mean age: HR = 23 y; FES = 24 y; HCs = 25 y |
FES > HCs Negative correlation between theta connectivity (within the bilateral orbitofrontal, medial frontal areas, posterior midline regions, sensorimotor areas and the temporoparietal junction) and verbal memory |
| Best et al., 2020 [93] | Neurocognitive composite score (MCCB) |
Theta power
Task-related |
SCZ = 70 (SCID; DSM-IV) Mean Age: 37 y |
Higher theta power at baseline was associated with greater improvement in neurocognitive composite score after completion of cognitive training sessions |
| Cea-Cañas et al., 2020 [94] | Working Memory, Speed of Processing, Executive Function, Verbal Memory, Motor Speed, Verbal Fluency, Speed of Processing (BACS) |
Theta Connectivity strength
Task-related |
SCZ = 35 HCs = 51 (DSM-V) Mean age: SCZ = 36 y; HCs = 38 y |
SCZ > HCs Negative correlation between theta connectivity strength and cognitive skills |
| Dias et al., 2020 [84] | Attention/Vigilance, Working Memory, Speed of Processing, Verbal Learning, Visual Learning, Reasoning and Problem Solving (MCCB) |
Theta
amplitude
Task-related |
SCZ = 24 HC = 25 Mean age: SCZ = 37 y; HC = 36 y |
SCZ < HCs Positive correlation between theta evoked amplitude and attention and speed of processing |
| Gica et al., 2019 [85] | Emotion Recognition (CANTAB ERT); Attention (CANTAB Reaction Time); Visual Memory (CANTAB Paired Associate Learning); Sustained Attention (Rapid Visual Information Processing); Planning (CANTAB One Touch Stockings of Cambridge); Flexible thinking (CANTAB Intra-Extra Dimensional Set Shift); Executive functions (CANTAB Intra-Extra Dimensional Set Shift, One Touch Stockings of Cambridge and Spatial Working Memory) |
Theta power
Resting state |
SCZ = 24 (DSM-V) Mean age: 36 y |
Negative correlation between theta power and emotion recognition |
| Gomez-Pilar et al., 2018 [95] | Working memory, Speed of Processing, Executive Function, Verbal Memory, Motor Speed, Verbal Fluency (BACS) |
Theta Connectivity Modulation
Task-related |
SCZ = 35 HCs = 51 (DSM-V) Mean age: SCZ = 33 y; HCs = 29 y |
SCZ < HCs Positive correlation between theta connectivity modulation and speed of processing, verbal fluency and verbal memory |
| Hochberger et al., 2019 [96] | Executive Functions, Working Memory, Episodic Memory, Complex Cognitive Processing and Social Cognition (PENN CNB) |
Theta power
Theta standard phase-locking Task-related |
SCZ = 706 HCs = 605 (DSM-IV, SCID-II) Mean age: SCZ = 46 y; HCs = 39 y |
Evoked theta activity SCZ < HCs Positive correlation between theta evoked activity and social cognition Theta standard phase-locking SCZ < HCs Positive correlation between theta standard phase-locking and social cognition |
| Hochberger et al., 2020 [97] | Verbal Learning and cognitive composite score (MCCB) |
Theta power and phase-locking
Task-related |
SCZ with Treatment as usual = 22 SCZ with Cognitive Training = 24 (SCID-DSM-IV) Mean age: 35 y |
Theta power Higher baseline values were associated with greater improvements in global cognitive score after completing cognitive training sessions. Changes in theta power after only one hour of cognitive training were associated with greater improvements in verbal learning upon completion of a full treatment intervention Theta phase-locking Higher baseline values were associated with greater improvements in global cognitive score after completion of a full cognitive training intervention |
| Hoy et Al., 2021 [98] | Working Memory (Behavioural task) |
Theta power
Task-related |
SCZs = 30 HCs = 27 (MINI) Mean age: SCZs = 46 y; HCs = 40 y |
SCZ < HCs Positive correlation between task-related theta oscillations and working memory |
| Johannesen et al., 2016 [99] | Working Memory (SWMT and MCCB) |
Theta power
Task-related |
SCZ = 40 HCs = 12 (DSM-IV) Mean Age: HCs = 43 y; SCZ = 46 y |
Negative correlation between evoked theta power and working memory |
| Kirihara et al., 2012 [100] | Verbal Memory (CVLT); Executive Functions (WCST); Working Memory (LNS) |
Theta amplitude
Task-related |
SCZ = 234 HCs = 188 (DSM-IV; SCID) Mean age: SCZ = 44 y; HC = 44 y |
SCZ > HC Negative correlation between theta amplitude and verbal memory |
| Koshiyama D. et al., 2021 [86] | Verbal Memory (CVLT); Working Memory (LNS) |
Theta power and PDI
Resting state |
SCZ = 148 HCs = 143 Mean age: SCZ = 46 y; HCs = 40 y |
Theta power SCZ > HCs Negative correlation between theta power and verbal learning Theta PDI SCZ < HCs No significant association between theta PDI and cognitive domains |
| Krukow et al., 2018 [101] | Speed of processing (Naming Speed Test and Symbol Coding Test) |
Theta phase lag index
Resting state |
FES = 32 HCs = 35 (DSM-V; SCID) Mean age: SCZ = 21 y; HC = 21 y |
SCZ > HCs Negative correlation between of theta phase lag index of central regions and speed of processing |
| Krukow et al., 2020 [102] | Cognitive Initiation (Design fluency test) |
Theta band Synchronization strength
Resting state |
FES = 34 HCs = 30 (DSM-V; SCID) Mean Age: FES = 21 y; HCs = 22 y |
FES > HCs Negative correlation between theta hyper-connectivity/synchrony and cognitive initiation failure |
| Lee et al., 2020 [103] | Executive Functions (TMT); Verbal Memory (CVLT) |
Theta phase-gamma amplitude coupling Resting state |
FEP = 59 HCs = 50 (DSM-IV; SCID) Mean age: FEP = 23 y; HCs = 23 y |
FEP > HCs Positive correlation between theta phase-gamma amplitude coupling in the left posterior cingulate cortex and executive functions and verbal memory |
| Liu et al., 2020 [104] | Working Memory (Visual Task) |
Theta power
Task-related |
SCZ = 43 HCs = 57 (DSM-IV; SCID) Mean age: SCZ = 24 y; HCs = 24 y |
SCZ< HCs Positive correlation between evoked theta power and working memory |
| Martínez A. et al., 2019 [87] | Face-emotion recognition (FER) and Social Perception (behavioural task) |
Theta power
Task-related |
SCZs = 19 HCs = 17 (SCID) Mean age: SCZ = 37 y; HCs = 34 y |
SCZ < HCs No correlation between evoked theta power and emotion recognition |
| Martínez et al., 2018 [88] | Attention/Vigilance, Working Memory, Speed of Processing, Verbal Learning, Visual Learning, Reasoning and Problem Solving, Neurocognitive Composite Domains Score (MCCB) |
Theta power
Task-related |
SCZ = 63 AP = 32 HCs = 44 (DSM-V; SIPS) Mean age: NA |
SCZ = AP = HCs Positive correlation between evoked theta power with visual learning and speed of processing. |
| Prieto M et al., 2021 [89] | Working Memory, Immediate and Delayed Verbal Learning, Verbal Fluency, Speed of Processing and Psychomotor Speed (SCIP-S); Attention (D2 Test of Attention) |
Theta power
Task-related |
SCZs = 22 HCs = 23 (ICD-10) Mean age: SCZ = 37 y; HCs = 39 y |
SCZ = HCs Positive correlation between evoked theta power, speed of processing and working memory. |
| Qu et al., 2020 [90] | Attention/Vigilance, Working Memory, Speed of Processing, Verbal Learning, Visual Learning, Reasoning and Problem Solving, Social Cognition (MCCB) |
Theta power
Task-related |
FEP = 20 HCs = 33 (SCID-DSM-IV) Mean age: FEP = 22 y; HCs = 22 y |
No correlation was found between event-related theta activity and cognitive performance |
| Solís-Vivanco R et al., 2021 [105] | Attention/Vigilance, Speed of Processing, and Working Memory and Cognitive total score (MCCB) |
Theta PLF and connectivity
Task-related |
FEP = 15 HCs = 13 (DSM-IV) Mean age: FEP = 26 y HC = 23 y |
Theta PLF FEP < HCs No significant correlations between theta PLF and cognitive domains Theta connectivity FEP = HCs No significant correlations between theta connectivity and cognitive domains |
| Grove et al., 2021 [106] | Attention (behavioural task); Working Memory, Speed of Processing, Executive Function, Verbal Memory, Motor Speed, Verbal Fluency; Speed of Processing (BACS) |
Theta power
Task-related |
SCZ = 29 HCs = 44 (DSM-IV-TR) Mean age: SCZ = 42 y; HCs = 42 y |
SCZ < HCs No significant correlation between evoked theta activity and total cognitive score |
| Wichniak et al., 2015 [107] | Attention/Vigilance, Working Memory, Speed of Processing, Verbal Learning, Visual Learning, Reasoning and Problem Solving (MCCB) |
Theta absolute power
Resting state |
SCZ = 39 (ICD-10) Mean age: 28 y |
Negative correlations between theta absolute power and verbal learning, visuospatial memory and executive functions |
| Xiong et al., 2019 [108] | Attention/Vigilance, Working Memory, Speed of Processing, Verbal Learning, Visual Learning, Reasoning and Problem Solving (MCCB) |
Theta amplitude
Task-related |
SCZ = 40 FES = 40 HC = 40 (DSM-IV; SCID) Mean Age: SCZ = 29 y; FES = 26 y; HCs = 26 y |
SCZ and FES < HCs (SCZ = FES) No significant correlations between evoked theta amplitude and cognitive domains |
| Alpha activity | ||||
| Adler et al., 2002 [109] | Attention/Vigilance (CPT); Working Memory (WAIS); Visual Memory (TCF); Verbal Memory (AVLT) |
Alpha Power
Resting state |
SCZ = 17 (DSM-IV) Mean age: 30 y |
Positive correlation between alfa power and working, visual and verbal memory |
| Billeke et al., 2015 [110] | Speed of Processing (Animal Naming and Symbol-Coding from the WAIS-III, and TMT-A), Attention/Vigilance (CPT-IP), Working Memory (LNS and Spatial Span from WMS-III), Visual Learning (Free Recall of RCFT And WMS-III), Planning and Reasoning (Copy of ROCF and Tol), and Social Cognition (Face Emotion Recognition Test) |
Alpha power
Task-related |
SCZ = 20 HCs = 25 (DSM-IV, SCID-II) Mean age: SCZ = 28 y; HCs = 28 y |
SCZ < HCs No significant correlations between evoked alpha activity and cognitive domains considered |
| Castelluccio et al., 2020 [111] | Neurocognitive Composite Score (MCCB) |
Alpha peak frequency
Resting state |
SCZ = 37 (DSM-IV, SCID-II) Mean age: 46 y |
At baseline, no significant associations between individual alpha peak frequency and assessment of cognitive measures assessed at baseline time point. However, A positive correlation between baseline Individual alpha peak frequency and improvements in cognition after completion of cognitive remediation treatment was detected |
| Gica et al., 2019 [85] | Emotion Recognition (CANTAB ERT); Attention (CANTAB Reaction Time); Visual Memory (CANTAB Paired Associate Learning); Sustained Attention (Rapid Visual Information Processing); Planning (CANTAB One Touch Stockings of Cambridge), Flexible thinking (CANTAB Intra-Extra Dimensional Set Shift); Executive functions (CANTAB Intra-Extra Dimensional Set Shift, One Touch Stockings of Cambridge and Spatial Working Memory). |
Alpha power
Resting state |
SCZ = 24 (DSM-V) Mean age: 36 y |
Positive correlation between alpha power and emotion recognition |
| Hoffman et al., 1991 [112] | Attention/Vigilance (CPT) |
Spatial EEG Alpha coherence Task-related |
SCZ = 13 HCs = 9 (DSM-III) Mean age: SCZ = 34 y; HCs = 34 y |
SCZ < HCs Positive correlation between alpha coherence and vigilance |
| Johannesen et al., 2016 [99] | Working Memory (SWMT and MCCB) |
Alpha power
Task-related |
SCZ = 40 HC = 12 (DSM-IV) Mean Age: HC = 43 y SCZ = 46 y |
Positive correlation between evoked alpha power and working memory |
| Koshiyama D. et al., 2021 [86] | Verbal Memory (CVLT); Working Memory (LNS) |
Alpha power and PDI Resting state |
SCZ = 148 HCs = 143 Mean age: SCZ = 46 y; HCs = 40 y |
Alpha power SCZ > HCs No significant association between alpha power and cognitive domains Alpha PDI SCZ > HCs No significant association between alpha PDI and cognitive domains |
| Krukow et al., 2018 [101] | Naming Speed Test and Symbol Coding Test (Speed of processing) |
Alpha phase lag index
Resting state |
FES = 32 HCs = 35 (DSM-V; SCID) Mean age: SCZ = 21 y; HC = 21 y |
FES < HCs Positive correlation between phase lag index of alpha and speed of processing |
| Liu et al., 2020 [104] | Working Memory (Visual Task) |
Alpha power
Task-related |
SCZ = 43 HCs = 57 (DSM-IV; SCID) Mean age: SCZ = 24 y; HCs = 24 y |
SCZ < HCs No significant correlation between evoked alpha power and working memory |
| Martínez A. et al., 2019 [87] | Face-emotion recognition (FER) and Social Perception (behavioural task) |
Alpha ERD amplitude
Task-related |
SCZs = 19 HCs = 17 (SCID) Mean age: SCZ = 37 y; HCs = 34 y |
SCZ < HCs No correlation between alpha ERD amplitude and emotion recognition or motion-sensitivity |
| Prieto M et al., 2021 [89] | Working Memory, Immediate and Delayed Verbal Learning, Verbal Fluency, Speed of Processing and Psychomotor Speed (SCIP-S); Attention (D2 Test of Attention) |
Alpha amplitude
Task-related |
SCZs = 22 HCs = 23 (ICD-10) Mean age: SCZ = 37 y; HCs = 39 y |
SCZ = HCs Positive correlation between alpha amplitude and speed of processing |
| Qu et al., 2020 [90] | Attention/Vigilance, Working Memory, Speed of Processing, Verbal Learning, Visual Learning, Reasoning and Problem Solving, Social Cognition (MCCB) |
Alpha power
Task-related |
FEP = 20 HCs = 33 (SCID-DSM-IV) Mean age: FEP = 22 y; HCs = 22 y |
No correlation between alpha evoked activity and cognitive domains |
| Ramsay I.S. et Al., 2021 [113] | Speed of Processing, Perceptual Reasoning, Working Memory and Verbal Reasoning (WAIS-III); Attention-Vigilance (CPT) |
Individual alpha peak frequency (IAPF
)
Resting state |
SCZs = 104 HCs = 101 (DSM–IV; SCID) Mean age: SCZ = 42 y; HCs = 45 y |
SCZ < HCs Positive correlation between IAPF and speed of processing, perceptual reasoning, attention-vigilance, working memory and verbal reasoning |
| Vignapiano et al., 2019 [66] | Attention/Vigilance, Working Memory, Speed of Processing, Verbal Learning, Visual Learning, Reasoning and Problem Solving Neurocognitive Composite Domains Score (MCCB) |
Alpha Power
Resting state |
SCZ = 145 HC = 69 (DSM-IV SCID) Mean Age: SCZ = 37 y; HC = 36 y |
SCZ < HCs No correlation between alpha power amplitude and speed of processing, attention/vigilance, working memory, verbal learning, visual learning, reasoning, problem solving and neurocognitive composite score |
| Beta activity | ||||
| Adler et al., 2002 [109] | Attention/Vigilance (CPT); Working Memory (WAIS); Visual Memory (TCF); Verbal Memory (AVLT) |
Beta power
Resting state |
SCZ = 17 (DSM-IV) Mean age: 30 y |
Positive correlation between beta power and vigilance, working, visual and verbal memory |
| Briley Paul M. et al., 2021 [114] | Working memory (n-back task-related) |
Beta bursts
Task-related |
SCZs = 32 HCs = 30 Mean age of the whole sample: 34 y |
SCZ < HCs Positive correlation between beta bursts and working memory |
| Gica et al., 2019 [85] | Emotion Recognition (CANTAB ERT); Attention (CANTAB Reaction Time); Visual Memory (CANTAB Paired Associate Learning); Sustained Attention (Rapid Visual Information Processing); Planning (CANTAB One Touch Stockings of Cambridge); Flexible thinking (CANTAB Intra-Extra Dimensional Set Shift); Executive functions (CANTAB Intra-Extra Dimensional Set Shift, One Touch Stockings of Cambridge and Spatial Working Memory) |
Beta power
Resting state |
SCZ = 24 (DSM-V) Mean age: 36 y |
Positive correlation between beta power and emotion recognition |
| Johannesen et al., 2016 [99] | Working Memory (SWMT and MCCB) |
Beta power
Task-related |
SCZ = 40 y HCs = 12 y (DSM-IV) Mean Age: HCs = 43 y; SCZ = 46 y |
Positive correlation between beta power and working memory |
| Koshiyama D. et al., 2021 [86] | Verbal Memory (CVLT); Working Memory (LNS) |
Beta power and PDI Resting state |
SCZ = 148 HCs = 143 Mean age: SCZ = 46 y; HCs = 40 y |
Beta power SCZ > HCs No significant association between beta power and cognitive domains Beta PDI SCZ = HCs No significant association between beta PDI and cognitive domains |
| Gamma activity | ||||
| Hoy et Al., 2021 [98] | Working Memory (behavioural task) |
Gamma power
Task-related |
SCZs = 30 HCs = 27 (MINI) Mean age: SCZs = 46 y; HCs = 40 y |
SCZ = HCs Negative correlation between evoked theta oscillations and working memory |
| Johannesen et al., 2016 [99] | Working Memory (SWMT and MCCB) |
Gamma power
Task-related |
SCZ = 40 HC = 12 (DSM-IV) Mean age: HC = 43 y; SCZ = 46 y |
Negative correlation between evoked gamma activity and working memory |
| Koshiyama D. et al., 2021 [86] | Verbal Memory (CVLT); Working Memory (LNS) |
Gamma power and
PDI Resting state |
SCZ = 148 HCs = 143 Mean age: SCZ = 46 y; HCs = 40 y |
Gamma power SCZ > HCs No significant association between gamma power and cognitive domains Gamma PDI SCZ = HCs No significant association between gamma PDI and cognitive domains |
| Koshiysma D et al., 2021 [115] | Verbal Memory (CVLT); Working Memory (LNS) |
Gamma-band-ASSR
Task-related |
SCZs = 695 HCs = 503 (DSM-IV; SCID) Mean age: SCZ = 45 y; HC = 44 y |
SCZ < HCs Positive correlation between gamma-band-ASSR and working memory |
| Lee et al., 2020 [103] | Executive Functions (TMT); Verbal Memory (CVLT) |
Theta phase-gamma amplitude coupling
Resting state |
FEP = 59 HCs = 50 (DSM-IV; SCID) Mean age: FEP = 23 y; HCs = 23 y |
FEP > HCs Positive correlation between theta phase-gamma amplitude coupling in the left posterior cingulate cortex and psychomotor, executive functions and verbal memory |
| Leicht et al., 2015 [116] | Verbal Memory and Learning (WMS, VLMT), Attention (WAIS); Working Memory (WAIS); Visuomotor Sequencing (TMT); Letter Fluency (LFT) |
Gamma power
Task-related |
FES = 23 HCs = 22 (MINI) Mean age: FES = 26 y; HCs = 22 y |
FES < HCs Positive correlation between evoked gamma activity and working memory |
| Light et al., 2006 [117] | Verbal memory (CVLT); Executive Functions (WCST); Working Memory (LNS) |
Gamma ITC
Task-related |
SCZ = 100 HCs = 80 (DSM-IV; SCID) Mean age: SCZ = 46 y; HCs = 34 y |
SCZ < HCs Positive correlation between gamma ITC and working memory. No correlation with verbal memory, concept formation and conceptual flexibility |
| Molina et al., 2020 [118] | Neurocognitive composite score (MCCB) |
Gamma power
Task-related |
SCZ -Treatment as usual (TAU) = 21 SCZ -Cognitive Training = 21 (SCID-DSM-IV) Mean age: SCZ-TAU = 33 y; SCZ-Cognitive training = 36 y |
Higher baseline values in evoked power were predicting greater improvements in neurocognitive composite score after competition of full cognitive training intervention |
| Ramyead et al., 2015 [119] | Nonverbal/abstract reasoning abilities (LPS) |
CSD Gamma activity
Resting state |
ARMS = 63 HCs = 29 (BSIP) Mean age: ARMS = 26 y; HCs = 22 y |
ARMS > HCs Positive correlation between CSD gamma activity and non-verbal reasoning |
| Sun et al., 2018 [120] | Attention, Working Memory, Speed of Processing, Verbal Learning, Visual Learning, Reasoning and Problem Solving (MCCB) |
Gamma PLF and ITPC
Task-related |
SCZ = 24 HCs = 30 (DSM-IV) Mean age: SCZ = 33 y; HCs = 34 y |
SCZ < HCs Positive correlation between gamma PLF and ITPC with reasoning and problem solving |
| Tanaka-Koshiyama et al., 2020 [121] | Single-word reading ability (WRAT); Auditory attention and working memory (LNS); Executive functioning (WCST); Verbal learning and memory performance (CVLT) |
Gamma power
Task-related |
SCZ = 157 HCs = 145 (DSM-IV-TR) Mean age: SCZ = 46 y; HCs = 40 y |
SCZ > HCs Negative correlation between evoked gamma activity with verbal learning and memory performance |
| Vohs et al., 2015 [122] | Metacognitive functions: understanding of one’s own mind; understanding of others’ minds; decentration; metacognitive mastery (MAS-A) |
Gamma power
Resting state |
SCZ = 20 (DSM-IV; SCID) Mean age: 43 y |
Negative correlation between gamma power and decentration capacity |
| Williams et al., 2009 [123] | Emotional Intelligence (BRIEF), Negativity Bias (Neo-FFI), Emotion Identification (Facial Emotion Perception Task) |
Gamma synchrony
Task-related |
FES = 28 HCs = 28 (DSM-IV, SCID) Mean age: SCZ = 20 y; HCs = 20 y |
FES > HCs Negative correlation between gamma and measures of social cognition (emotion identification, negativity bias and emotional intelligence) |
The column “EEG Indices” reports the EEG index considered in that study, while in the last column, differences between patients and controls, as well as correlations with cognition for that measure are reported; in italics the EEG recording method used (task or resting). Attenuated psychotic syndrome (AP): auditory steady-state responses (ASSR); Rey’s Auditory Verbal Learning Test (AVLT); Brief Assessment in Cognition in Schizophrenia (BACS); Resource Inventory for Emotional intelligence Factors (BRIEF); Basel Screening Instrument for Psychosis (BSIP); Continuous Performance Test (CPT); Current source density (CSD); California Verbal Learning Test (CVLT); Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorder (DSM); Emotion Recognition Test (ERT); Event-related spectral perturbation (ERSP); subjects with first-episode psychosis (FEP); subjects with first-episode schizophrenia (FES); Global Assessment of Functioning scale (GAF); High-risk for psychosis (HR); Kullback–Leibler Modulation Index (KLMI); Individual alpha peak frequency (IAPF); Inter-trial phase coherence (ITC); Inter-trial phase coherence (ITPC); Letter fluency test (LFT); Low Resolution Brain Electromagnetic Tomography (LORETA); Letter-Number Sequencing test (LNS); Leistungsprüfsystem Scale (LPS); Metacognition Assessment Scale-Abbreviated (MAS-A); Mini International Neuropsychiatric Interview (MINI); Not available (NA); NEO Personality Inventory (NEO-FII); Phase Discontinuity Index (PDI); Phase Locking factor (PLF); Phase-locking value (PLV); Rey-Osterrieth Complex Figure test (ROCF); Regensburger Lexical Fluency Test (RWT); Schizophrenia Proneness Instrument (SPI); Sternberg working memory task (SWMT); Structured Clinical Interview for DSM (SCID); Structured Interview for Prodromal Syndromes (SIPS); Taylor Complex Figure test (TCF); Trail Making Test (TMT); Verbal Learning and Memory Test (VLMT); The Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale (WAIS); Wisconsin Card Sorting Test (WCST); Wechsler Memory Scale (WMS); Years (Y); Young controls (YC).