Table 3.
Event-related potential studies.
| Study | Cognitive Domains | EEG Indices | Sample Size | Correlations between EEG Indices and Cognitive Functions in Patients and High-Risk Subjects |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| P50 | ||||
| Cullum et al., 1993 [144] | Verbal Learning and memory (CVLT); Vigilance (WAIS) | P50 Ratio | SCZ = 14 HCs = 15 (DSM-III) Mean age: SCZ = 35 y; HCs = 29 y |
SCZ > HCs Negative correlation between P50 ratio and vigilance |
| Hamilton et al., 2018 [145] | Attention/Vigilance, Working Memory, Speed of Processing, Verbal Learning, Visual Learning, Reasoning and Problem Solving (MCCB) | P50 Ratio | SCZ = 39 HCs = 45 (SCID, DSM-IV) Mean age: SCZ = 26 y; HCs = 30 y |
SCZ > HCs Negative correlation between P50 ratio and working memory and speed of processing. No significant correlations with the other cognitive domains analysed |
| Hseich et al., 2004 [146] | Visual Memory and Visual Learning (WMS) | P50 Ratio | SCZ = 10 HCs = 10 (DSM-IV) Mean age: SCZ = 35 y; HCs = 33 y |
SCZ > HCs Negative correlation between P50 ratio and visual learning |
| Şahin D. et al., 2021 [147] | Working memory, executive function, information processing speed, learning and attention (Cognitive Basis Assessment Test battery) | P50 amplitude | SCZ = 35 HCs = 35 (DSM-IV) Mean age: SCZ = 28 y; HCs = 29 y |
SCZ = HCs No significant correlation between P50 amplitude and cognitive functions |
| Sánchez-Morla et al., 2013 [148] | Speed of Processing (TMT; WAIS-R, Category Verbal Fluency Test); Verbal Working Memory (WMS); Attention (CPT); Verbal Learning and Memory (CVLT); Visual Memory (RCFT); Executive Functions (WCST, Stroop Test, TMT and COWA) |
P50 Ratio
P50 Difference |
SCZ = 38 HCs = 32 (SCID, DSM-IV) Mean age: SCZ = 44 y; HCs = 37 y |
P50 Ratio SCZ > HCs No correlation between P50 ratio and any cognitive domains P50 Difference SCZ = HCs No correlation between P50 difference and any cognitive domains |
| Smith et al., 2010 [149] | Attention (TMT, CPT); Working Memory (WCST, WAIS); Verbal Memory (AVLT, WMS) | P50 Ratio | SCZ = 79 HCs = 73 (SCID; DSM-IV) Mean age: SCZ = 43 y; HCs = 41 y |
SCZ > HCs Negative correlation between P50 ratio and attention and working memory performance. No correlation with long-delay memory |
| Toyomaki et al., 2015 [150] | Executive Functions (WCST); Verbal Fluency (WFT); Sustained Attention and Motor Speed (CPT); Visual-Motor Processing and Motor Speed (TMT); Verbal Learning and Immediate and Recent Memory (AVLT); Selective Attention (Stroop Test) |
P50 S1 Amplitude
P50 S2 Amplitude P50 Ratio |
SCZ = 41 (SCID; DSM-IV) Mean age: 29 y |
P50 S1 Amplitude No significant correlations between S1 amplitude and cognitive domains P50 S2 Amplitude Negative correlation between P50 S2 amplitude and the performance during the task P50 Ratio Negative correlation between P50 ratio and executive functions. No significant correlations with the other cognitive domains |
| Xia et al., 2020 [151] | Attention, Working Memory, Speed of Processing, Verbal Learning, Visual Learning, Reasoning and Problem Solving (MCCB) |
P50 S1 Amplitude
P50 S2 Amplitude P50 Ratio |
SCZ = 183 HCs = 116 (SCID; DSM-IV) Mean age: SCZ = 46 y; HCs = 45 y |
P50 S1 amplitude SCZ < HCs No correlation between the P50 S1 amplitude and any cognitive domains P50 S2 amplitude SCZ = HCs No correlation between the P50 S2 amplitude and any cognitive domains P50 ratio SCZ > HCs No correlation between the P50 ratio and any cognitive domains. |
| Xia et al., 2020 [152] | Immediate Memory, Visuospatial/Constructional, Language, Attention, and Delayed Memory (RBANS) |
P50 S1 Amplitude
P50 S2 Amplitude P50 Ratio |
SCZ = 38 HCs = 32 (SCID, DSM-IV) Mean age: SCZ = 31 y; HCs = 34 y |
P50 S1 amplitude SCZ < HCs No correlation between the P50 S1 amplitude and any cognitive domains P50 S2 amplitude SCZ > HCs No correlation between the P50 S2 amplitude and any cognitive domains P50 ratio SC = HCs No correlation between the P50 ratio and any cognitive domains |
| N100 | ||||
| Arjona-Valladares A. et al., 2021 [153] | Working Memory (Test Performance); Working Memory, Speed of Processing, Executive Function, Verbal Memory, Motor Speed, Verbal Fluency, Speed of Processing and Problem Solving (BACS); Executive Functions (WCST) |
N100 amplitude | SCZ = 250 HCs = 35 (DSM-V) Mean age: SCZ = 38 y; HCs = 34 y |
SCZ > HCs Negative correlation between N100 amplitude and cognitive performance during the task |
| Boutros et al., 2009 [154] | Executive Functions (WCST) | N100 Ratio | SCZ = 40 HCs = 46 (SCID; DSM-IV) Mean age: SCZ = 45 y; HCs = 39 y |
SCZ > HCs Negative correlation between N100 and executive functions |
| Brodeur et al., 2016 [155] | Attention (RBANS) | N100 amplitude | SCZ = 16 HCs = 20 (SCID; DSM-IV) Mean age: SCZ = 44 y; HCs = 39 y |
SCZ = HCs No significant correlation between N100 amplitude and attention |
| Bruder et al., 1998 [156] | Visuospatial Attention (dot enumeration task) | N100 amplitude | SCZ = 28 HCs = 28 (DSM-IV) Mean age: SCZ = 33 y; HCs = 36 y |
SCZ > HCs No significant correlation between N100 amplitude and visuospatial attention |
| Bruder et al., 2001 [157] | Verbal, Logical and Visual Memory (WMS) | N100 amplitude | SCZ = 40 HCs = 14 (MINI) Mean age: SCZ = 33 y; HCs = 32 y |
SCZ = HCs No significant correlation between N100 amplitude and memory |
| Catalano et al., 2021 [158] | Social Attention (Behavioural Task) | N100 amplitude | SCZ = 36 HCs = 20 (DSM-V: SCID) Mean age: SCZ = 48 y; HCs = 51 y |
SCZ = HCs No significant correlation between N100 amplitude and the performance during the social attention task |
| Dias et al., 2011 [159] | Attention/Vigilance (CPT); Working Memory (Task) | N100 amplitude | SCZ = 15 HCs = 27 (DSM-IV; SCID) Mean age: SCZ = 33 y; HCs = 33 y |
SCZ > HCs Negative correlation between N100 amplitude and the performance during the working memory task |
| Green et al., 2017 [160] | Episodic memory (Memory Task Performance) | N100 amplitude | SCZ = 24 HCs = 19 (MINI) Mean age: 37 y |
SCZ = HCs No significant correlation between N100 amplitude and episodic memory |
| Hseich et al., 2004 [146] | Visual Memory and Visual Learning (WMS) | N100 Ratio | SCZ = 10 HCs = 10 (DSM-IV) Mean age: SCZ = 35 y; HCs = 33 y |
SCZ = HCs No significant correlation between N100 ratio and visual learning |
| Kim et al., 2003 [161] | Visual Memory (RCFT); Verbal Fluency (COWA); Executive Functions (WCST and TMT); Verbal Memory and Learning (WAIS) | N100 amplitude | SCZ = 22 HCs = 21 (SCID-DSM-IV) Mean age: SCZ = 30 y; HCs = 28 y |
SCZ = HCs No significant correlation between N100 amplitude and cognitive domains |
| Nagasawa et al., 1999 [162] | Visual and Verbal Memory and Learning (WMS); Executive Functions (TMT) | N100 amplitude | SCZ = 28 HCs = 30 DSM-III Mean age: SCZ = 24 y; HCs = 25 y |
SCZ > HCs No significant correlation between N100 amplitude and cognitive domains |
| Şahin D. et al., 2021 [147] | Working memory, executive function, information processing speed, learning and attention (Cognitive Basis Assessment Test battery) | N100 amplitude | SCZ = 35 HCs = 35 (DSM-IV) Mean age: SCZ = 28 y; HCs = 29 y |
SCZ > HCs No significant correlation between N100 amplitude and cognitive domains |
| Smith et al., 2010 [149] | Attention (TMT, CPT), Working Memory (WCST, WAIS), Verbal Memory (AVLT, WMS). | N100 Ratio | SCZ = 79 HCs = 73 (SCID; DSM-IV) Mean age: SCZ = 43 y; HCs = 41 y |
SCZ > HCs Negative correlation between N100 ratio and attention and working memory. No significant correlation between N100 ratio and long-delay memory |
| Sumich et al., 2008 [163] | Verbal Memory (WMS-R and RAVLT), Executive Functions (WCST, Verbal fluency, Stroop Colour Word and TMT) | N100 amplitude | SCZ = 18 HCs = 18 (DSM-III) Mean age: SCZ = 31 y; HCs = 28 y |
SCZ > HCs Negative correlation between N100 amplitude and verbal recall, immediate and delayed visual memory |
| Zhao et al., 2011 [164] | Different phases of working memory, including early visual processing and late memory-related processes of encoding, maintenance, and retrieval (SMST paradigm) | N100 amplitude | SCZ = 67 HCs = 46 Mean age: SCZ = 42 y; HCs = 39 y |
SCZ > HCs No significant correlation between N100 amplitude and working memory performance |
| P100 | ||||
| Brodeur et al., 2016 [155] | Attention (RBANS) | P100 amplitude | SCZ = 16 HCs = 20 (SCID; DSM-IV) Mean age: SCZ = 44 y; HCs = 39 y |
SCZ < HCs Positive correlation between P100 amplitude and attention |
| Bruder et al., 1998 [156] | Visuospatial Attention (dot enumeration task) | P100 amplitude | SCZ = 28 HCs = 28 (DSM-IV) Mean age: SCZ = 33 y; HCs = 36 y |
SCZ = HCs No significant correlation between P100 amplitude and visuospatial attention |
| Spironelli et al., 2019 [165] | Verbal processing (phonological task) | P100 amplitude | SCZ = 18 HCs = 30 (DSM-IV; SCID) Mean age: SCZ = 39 y; HCs = 53 y |
SCZ > HCs Negative correlation between P100 amplitude and phonological processing |
| Zhao et al., 2011 [164] | Different phases of working memory, including early visual processing and late memory-related processes of encoding, maintenance, and retrieval (SMST paradigm) | P100 amplitude | SCZ = 67 HCs = 46 Mean age: SCZ = 42 y; HCs = 39 y |
SCZ = HCs (in encoding phase of the task); SCZ < HCs (in retrieval phase of the task) No significant correlation between P100 amplitude and working memory performance |
| pMMN | ||||
| Baldeweg et al., 2015 [166] | Everyday memory (MMSE and RBMT); Working Memory (WAIS-R); Executive Control and Semantic Retrieval Verbal Fluency (FAS Score from COWA Test), Pre-Morbid Verbal Intelligence (NART) |
pMMN amplitude | SCZ = 49 HCs = 49 (ICD-10) Mean age: SCZ = 38 y; HCs = 36 y |
SCZ > HCs Negative correlations between pMMN amplitude and everyday memory and verbal fluency |
| Biagianti et al., 2017 [167] | Cognitive composite score (MCCB) | pMMN amplitude | SCZ = 56 HCs = 105 SCID (DSM-IV) Mean age = NA |
SCZ > HCs No significant correlation between pMMN amplitude at baseline and cognitive score after completion of a full cycle of cognitive training treatment |
| Brockhaus-Dumke et al., 2005 [168] | Verbal Memory (AVLT); Verbal Executive Functions (Verbal fluency); Spatial Working Memory (DRT); Attention/Vigilance (CPT); Executive Functions (WCST); Verbal Intelligence (MWT) | pMMN amplitude | SCZ = 31 Prodromal subjects = 43 HCs = 33 (DSM-IV; SCID) Mean age: SCZ = 26 y; prodromal subjects = 25 y; HCs = 24 y |
SCZ = Prodromal subjects = HCs No significant correlation between pMMN amplitude and cognitive domains |
| Carrión et al., 2015 [169] | Reading ability (GORT-4), CTOPP, and WRAT-3). Attention/Vigilance, Working Memory, Speed of Processing, Verbal Learning, Visual Learning, Reasoning and Problem Solving (MCCB) | pMMN amplitude | CHR = 17 HCs = 18 (SCID-DSM-IV) Mean age: SCZ = 39 y; HCs = 38 y |
CHR > HCs Negative correlation between pMMN amplitude and speed of processing and verbal learning |
| Csukly et al., 2013 [170] | Emotion Recognition (FEEST) | pMMN amplitude | SCZ = 24 HCs = 24 (DSM-V) Mean age: SCZ = 34 y; HCs = 33 y |
SCZ > HCs Negative correlation between pMMN amplitude and emotion recognition |
| Haigh et al., 2016 [171] | Cognition Composite Score (MCCB); Global Cognition (BACS) | pMMN amplitude | SCZ = 27 HCs = 27 (SCID-DSM-IV) Mean age: SCZ = 36 y; HCs = 32 y |
SCZ > HCs Negative correlation between pMMN amplitude and working memory |
| Hochberger et al., 2019 [172] | Attention/Vigilance, Working Memory, Speed of Processing, Verbal Learning, Visual Learning, Reasoning and Problem Solving (MCCB) | pMMN amplitude | SCZ = 22 (SCID-DSM-IV) Mean age: SCZ = 36 y |
No significant correlation between changes in pMMN values (baseline and follow-up evaluations) and changes in cognitive skills after a full treatment cycle of cognitive training |
| Kantrowitz et al., 2015 [173] | Auditory Emotion Recognition (emotional prosody task) | pMMN amplitude | SCZ = 43 HCs = 36 (DSM-IV) Mean age: NA |
SCZ > HCs Negative correlation between pMMN amplitude and auditory emotion recognition |
| Kargel et al., 2014 [174] | Premorbid verbal intelligence (MWT-B); Verbal Fluency (WFT); Visual Speed of Processing and motor implementation of visual information (TMT-A); Cognitive Switching Or Flexibility (TMT-B); (WAIS); Speed of Processing (the Digit Symbol Test); Verbal Working Memory (the Digit Span Test); Auditory Verbal Memory (WLMPR (immediate and delayed retrieval) | pMMN latency | SCZ = 40 HCs = 16 (SCID; DSM-IV) Mean age: SCZ = 39 y; HCs = 38 y |
SCZ > HCs Positive correlation between pMMN latency and verbal working memory |
| McCleery et al., 2019 [175] | Cognitive Composite Score (MCCB) | pMMN amplitude | SCZ = 43 HCs = 30 (DSM-IV; SCID) Mean age: SCZ = 49 y; HCs = 46 y |
SCZ > HCs No significant correlation between pMMN amplitude and cognitive domains |
| Randau et al., 2019 [176] | Working memory (BACS), Attention (IED) | pMMN amplitude | FEP = 56 HCs = 64 (ICD-10) Mean age: SCZ = 25 y; HCs = 25 y |
FEP = HCs No significant correlation between pMMN amplitude and working memory or attention |
| Sehatpour et al., 2021 [177] | Attention/Vigilance, Working Memory, Speed of Processing, Verbal Learning, Visual Learning, Reasoning and Problem Solving, Neurocognitive Composite Domains Score (MCCB) | pMMN amplitude | SCZ = 42 CHR = 33 HCs = 28 (DSM-V) Mean age: SCZ = 35 y; CHR = 22 y; HCs = 34 y |
SCZ > HCs; CHR = HCs No significant correlation between pMMN amplitude and cognitive domains |
| Todd et al., 2014 [178] | Premorbid Intelligence (WTAR); the Vocabulary and Matrix Reasoning subtests of WASI; Working Memory (LNS task and DS subtests from WMS); Contextual Processing (CPT-AX). |
pMMN amplitude | SCZ = 33 HCs = 30 (ICD-10) Mean age: SCZ = 44 y; HCs = 41 y |
SCZ > HCs No significant correlation between pMMN amplitude and cognitive domains |
| Xiong et al., 2019 [108] | Attention/Vigilance, Working Memory, Speed of Processing, Verbal Learning, Visual Learning, Reasoning and Problem Solving (MCCB) | pMMN amplitude | SCZ = 40 FES = 40 HC = 40 (DSM-IV; SCID) Mean Age: SCZ = 29 y; FES = 26 y; HCs = 26 y |
SCZ > HCs; FES = HCs Positive correlation between pMMN amplitude and composite MCCB score in FES but not SCZ |
| dMMN | ||||
| Baldeweg et al., 2004 [179] | Everyday Memory (MMSE And RBMT); Verbal Memory (WMS); Verbal Fluency (FAS Score from COWA Test); Pre-Morbid Verbal Intelligence (NART) |
dMMN amplitude | SCZ = 42 HCs = 20 (ICD-10) Mean age: SCZ = 42 y; HCs = 39 y |
SCZ > HCs No correlation between dMMN amplitude and cognitive domains |
| Baldeweg et al., 2015 [166] | Everyday memory (MMSE and RBMT); Working Memory (WAIS-R); Executive Control and Semantic Retrieval Verbal Fluency (FAS Score from COWA Test); Pre-Morbid Verbal Intelligence (NART) |
dMMN amplitude | SCZ = 49 HCs = 49 (ICD-10) Mean age: SCZ = 38 y; HCs = 36 y |
SCZ > HCs Negative correlation between dMMN amplitude and everyday memory and verbal fluency |
| Best et al., 2020 [93] | Neurocognitve composite score (MCCB) | dMMN amplitude | SCZ = 70 (SCID-DSM-IV) Mean age: 37 y |
dMMN amplitude at baseline did not predict change in any of the cognitive or measures after completion of cognitive training sessions |
| Biagianti et al., 2017 [167] | Cognitive composite score (MCCB) | dMMN amplitude | SCZ = 56 HCs = 105 SCID (DSM-IV) Mean age: NA |
SCZ > HCs Lower dMMN amplitude at baseline, predicted greater improvements of cognitive score after completion of a full cycle of cognitive training treatment. |
| Brockhaus-Dumke et al., 2005 [168] | Verbal Memory (AVLT); Verbal Executive Functions (Verbal fluency); Spatial Working Memory (DRT); Attention/Vigilance (CPT); Executive Functions (WCST); Verbal Intelligence (MWT) | dMMN amplitude | SCZ = 31 Prodromal subjects = 43 HCs = 33 (DSM-IV; SCID) Mean age: SCZ = 26 y; prodromal subjects = 25 y; HCs = 24 y |
SCZ > prodromal subjects > HCs No significant correlation between dMMN amplitude and cognitive domains |
| Carrión et al., 2015 [169] | Reading ability (GORT-4, CTOPP, and WRAT-3), Attention/Vigilance, Working Memory, Speed of Processing, Verbal Learning, Visual Learning, Reasoning and Problem Solving (MCCB) | dMMN amplitude | CHR = 17 HCs = 18 (SCID-DSM-IV) Mean age: SCZ = 39 y; HCs = 38 y |
SCZ > HCs Negative correlation between dMMN amplitude and speed of processing and verbal learning |
| Haigh et al., 2016 [171] | Cognitive composite score (MCCB); Global Cognition (BACS) | dMMN amplitude | SCZ = 27 HCs = 27 (SCID-DSM-IV) Mean age: SCZ = 36 y; HCs = 32 y |
SCZ > HCs No significant correlation between dMMN amplitude and any cognitive domains |
| Hermens et al., 2010 [180] | Premorbid Intelligence (WTAR); Speed of Processing (TMT-A); Executive Functions (TMT-B); Attention (MC Subtest of the WMS); Verbal Learning and Memory (RAVLT) | dMMN amplitude | FEP = 17 HCs = 17 (DSM-IV) Mean age: FEP = 22 y; HCs = 23 y |
FEP > HCs Negative correlation between dMMN amplitude and attention. Positive correlation between dMMN amplitude and speed of processing |
| Higgins et al., 2021 [181] | Attention/Vigilance, Working Memory, Speed of Processing, Verbal Learning, Visual Learning, Reasoning and Problem Solving, Neurocognitive Composite Score (MCCB); Social Cognition (TASIT-II and MSCEIT of MCCB) | dMMN amplitude | SCZ = 24 HCs = 42 (DSM-IV, SCID) Mean age: SCZ = 23 y; HCs = 24 y |
SCZ > HCs Negative correlation between dMMN amplitude and social cognition at follow-up after 12 months |
| Higuchi et al., 2013 [182] | Verbal Memory, Working Memory, Motor Function, Verbal Fluency, Attention and Processing Speed, Executive Function (BACS-J) | dMMN amplitude | ARMS = 17 (converters = 13, non-converters = 4) FEP = 20 SCZ = 11 HCs = 20 (CAARMS; DSM-IV; SCID) Mean age: ARMS = 19 y; FEP = 27 y; SCZ = 28 y; HCs = 25 y |
SCZ > HCs; ARMS = HCs Negative correlation between dMMN amplitude and verbal fluency |
| Hochberger et al., 2019 [96] | Executive Functions, Working Memory, Episodic Memory, Complex Cognitive Processing, Speed of Processing, and Social Cognition (PENN CNB) | dMMN amplitude | SCZ = 706 HCs = 605 (DSM-IV; SCID-II) Mean age: SCZ = 46 y; HCs = 39 y |
SCZ > HCs Negative correlation between dMMN amplitude and executive functions (abstraction and flexibility), working memory, non-verbal memory and social cognition. |
| Hochberger et al., 2019 [172] |
Attention/Vigilance, Working Memory, Speed of Processing, Verbal Learning, Visual Learning, Reasoning and Problem Solving, Neurocognitive Composite Score (MCCB) | dMMN latency | SCZ = 22 (SCID-DSM-IV) Mean age = 36 y |
Changes in dMMN peak latency after one-hour training significantly predicted changes in verbal learning post full treatment |
| Jahshan et al., 2013 [183] | Emotional affective prosody, Facial Emotion Identification Task (behavioural task) | dMMN amplitude | SCZ = 36 HCs = 18 (DSM-IV, SCID-II) Mean age: SCZ = 48 y; HCs = 46 y |
SCZ > HCs Negative correlation between dMMN amplitude and emotional affective prosody |
| Jahshan et al., 2019 [184] | Attention/Vigilance, Working Memory, Speed of Processing, Verbal Learning, Visual Learning, Reasoning and Problem Solving (MCCB) | dMMN amplitude | SCZ = 99 SCID (DSM-IV) Mean age: 51 y |
Negative Correlation between baseline MMN and cognitive composite score. Negative Correlation between improvements in dMMN and improvements in Reasoning and Problem Solving domain after completion of cognitive training treatment |
| Kaser et al., 2013 [185] | Attention, Executive functions, Memory, Social and Emotion Cognition (CANTAB) | dMMN amplitude | SCZ = 20 HCs = 20 (MINI) Mean age: SCZ = 34 y; HCs = 32 y |
SCZ > HCs No significant correlation between MMN amplitude and cognitive domains |
| Kaur et al., 2011 [186] | Speed of Processing (TMT); Attentional Switching (TMT); Attention (MC Subtest of the WMS); Verbal Learning and Memory (RAVLT). | dMMN amplitude | FEP = 18 HCs = 18 (SCID-DSM-IV) Mean age: SCZ = 22 y; HCs = 23 y |
FEP > HCs Negative correlation between dMMN amplitude and attention, verbal learning and attentional switching |
| Kargel et al., 2014 [174] | Premorbid verbal intelligence (MWT-B); Verbal Fluency (WFT); Visual Speed of Processing and motor implementation of visual information (TMT A); Cognitive Switching or Flexibility (TMT B); (WAIS), Speed of Processing (the Digit Symbol Test); Verbal Working Memory (the Digit Span Test); Auditory Verbal Memory (WLMPR (immediate and delayed retrieval) | dMMN amplitude dMMN latency | SCZ = 40 HCs = 16 (SCID-DSM-IV) Mean age: SCZ = 39 y; HCs = 38 y |
SCZ > HCs No correlation between dMMN amplitude and peak latency with cognitive domains |
| Kawakubo et al., 2006 [187] | Verbal Learning (RAVLT) | dMMN amplitude | SCZ = 14 (DSM-IV) Mean age: 28 y |
Negative correlation between dMMN amplitude and verbal learning |
| Koshiysma D et al., 2021 [115] | Verbal Learning (CVLT); Working Memory (LNS) | dMMN amplitude | SCZs = 695 HCs = 503 (DSM-IV; SCID) Mean age: SCZ = 45 y HC = 44 y |
SCZ > HCs Negative correlation between dMMN amplitude and verbal learning and working memory |
| Lee et al. 2014 [188] | Verbal Fluency (Verbal Fluency Test - Animal); Symbol Coding (Adapted from the BACS); Visual Attention (TMT); Executive Functions (TMT-B); Theory of Mind (Cartoon Test, False Beliefs, Physical Story and Tom Story) | dMMN amplitude | SCZ = 25 HCs = 29 (SCID-DSM-IV) Mean age: SCZ = 36 y; HCs = 30 y |
SCZ > HCs Negative correlation between dMMN amplitude and visual attention |
| Lho et al., 2020 [189] | Speed of processing (TMT) | dMMN amplitude | FEP = 25 HCs = 22 (SCID; DSM-IV) Mean age: FEP = 26 y; HCs = 24 y |
FEP > HCs An increase in dMMN amplitude over a 1-year period (more blunted amplitude) in FEP correlated to worsening in speed of processing |
| Light et al., 2015 [190] | Global Cognition (MMSE) | dMMN amplitude | SCZ = 877 HCs = 754 (SCID-DSM-IV) Mean age: SCZ = 42 y; HCs = 39 y |
SCZ > HCs Negative correlation between dMMN amplitude and global cognitive score |
| McCleery et al., 2019 [175] | Cognitive composite score (MCCB) | dMMN amplitude | SCZ = 43 HCs = 30 (DSM-IV; SCID) Mean age: SCZ = 49 y; HCs = 46 y |
SCZ > HCs No significant correlation between dMMN amplitude and cognitive composite score |
| Miyanishi et al., 2013 [191] | Verbal Memory, Working Memory, Motor Function, Verbal Fluency, Attention and Processing Speed, Executive Function (BACS-J) | dMMN amplitude | SCZ = 20 HCs = 20 (DSM-IV; SCID) Mean age: SCZ = 25 y; HCs = 27 y |
SCZ > HCs Negative correlation between dMMN amplitude and working memory |
| Qu et al., 2020 [90] | Attention/Vigilance, Working Memory, Speed of Processing, Verbal Learning, Visual Learning, Reasoning and Problem Solving, Social Cognition (MCCB) | dMMN amplitude | FEP = 20 HCs = 33 (SCID-DSM-IV) Mean age: FEP = 22 y; HCs = 22 y |
The machine learning model showed that one group of subjects that presented an increase in dMMN amplitude at 6-month follow visit had also better values on cognitive functions, as compared to baseline values. Conversely, the other group did not present an improvement in neither dMMN amplitude or cognitive functions |
| Randau et al., 2019 [176] | Working memory (BACS); Attention (IED) | dMMN amplitude | FEP = 56 HCs = 64 (ICD-10) Mean age: SCZ = 25 y; HCs = 25 y |
SCZ > HCs No correlation between dMMN amplitude and peak latency with working memory and attention |
| Rissling et al., 2013 [192] | Attention/Vigilance (CPT-IP) | dMMN amplitude | SCZ = 20 HCs = 20 (SCID-DSM-IV) Mean age: SCZ = 50 y; HCs = 48 y |
SCZ > HCs Negative correlation between dMMN mean amplitude and attention/vigilance |
| Rowland et al., 2016 [193] | Verbal Working Memory (digital span task); Speed of Processing (digit Symbol Coding subtest of the WAIS) | dMMN amplitude | SCZ = 45 HCs = 53 (SCID-DSM-IV) Mean age: SCZ = 38 y; HCs = 37 y |
SCZ > HCs Positive correlation between dMMN amplitude and verbal working memory |
| Sehatpour et al., 2021 [177] | Attention/Vigilance, Working Memory, Speed of Processing, Verbal Learning, Visual Learning, Reasoning and Problem Solving, Neurocognitive Composite Score (MCCB) | dMMN amplitude | SCZ = 42 CHR = 33 HCs = 28 (DSM-V) Mean age: SCZ = 35 y; CHR = 22; HCs = 34 y |
SCZ > HCs; CHR = HCs No significant correlation between dMMN amplitude and neurocognitive composite score in SCZ but not in CHR |
| Todd et al., 2014 [178] | Premorbid Intelligence (WTAR); the Vocabulary and Matrix Reasoning subtests of WASI; Working Memory (LNS task and DS subtests from WMS); Contextual Processing (CPT-AX) |
dMMN amplitude | SCZ = 33 Matched HC = 30 (ICD-10) Mean age: SCZ = 44 y; HCs = 41 y |
SCZ > HCs Negative correlation between dMMN amplitude and contextual processing |
| Toyomaki et al., 2008 [194] | Executive functions (WCST); Verbal Fluency (WFT); Attention and Motor Speed (CPT); Visual-Motor Processing and Speed of Processing (TMT); Response Inhibition And Selective Attention (Stroop Test); Error (TMT) |
dMMN amplitude
dMMN latency |
SCZ = 23 (DSM-IV) Mean age: 31 y |
dMMN amplitude Negative correlation between mean dMMN amplitude and executive functions, response inhibition and selective attention, visual-motor processing and speed of processing dMMN latency Negative correlation between dMMN latency and speed of processing |
| Wynn et al., 2010 [195] | Social Perception (PONS), Social inferences (TASIT) | dMMN amplitude | SCZ = 33 HCs = 42 (DSM-IV, SCID-II) Mean age: SCZ = 41 y; HCs = 33 y |
SCZ > HCs Negative correlation between dMMN amplitude and social perception. No correlation between dMMN amplitude and the capacity of making social inferences |
| Xiong et al., 2019 [108] | Attention/Vigilance, Working Memory, Speed of Processing, Verbal Learning, Visual Learning, Reasoning and Problem Solving (MCCB) | dMMN amplitude | SCZ = 40 FES = 40 HC = 40 (DSM-IV; SCID) Mean Age SCZ = 29 y; FES = 26 y; HCs = 26 y |
SCZ and FES > HCs No significant correlation between dMMN amplitude and cognitive domains in FES and SCZ |
| Intensity and Location MMN deviants | ||||
| Carrión et al., 2015 [169] | Reading ability (GORT-4), CTOPP, and WRAT-3). Attention/Vigilance, Working Memory, Speed of Processing, Verbal Learning, Visual Learning, Reasoning and Problem Solving (MCCB) | Intensity MMN | CHR = 17 HCs = 18 (SCID-DSM-IV) Mean age: SCZ = 39 y; HCs = 38 y |
SCZ > HCs Negative correlations between MMN intensity and speed of processing and verbal learning |
| Sehatpour et al., 2021 [177] | Attention/Vigilance, Working Memory, Speed of Processing, Verbal Learning, Visual Learning, Reasoning and Problem Solving, Neurocognitive Composite Score (MCCB) |
Location deviant MMN
Intensity deviant MMN |
SCZ = 42 CHR = 33 HCs = 28 (DSM-V) Mean age: SCZ = 35 y; CHR = 22 y; HCs = 34 y |
Location deviant MMN SCZ and CHR > HCs Negative correlation between location deviant MMN and neurocognitive composite score, speed of processing, verbal learning, visual learning and working memory in SCZ, but not in CHR Intensity deviant MMN SCZ and CHR = HCs Negative correlation between intensity MMN and neurocognitive composite score in SCZ but not in CHR |
| P200 | ||||
| Favre et al., 2020 [196] | Executive function, Speed of Processing, Verbal and Visual Memory (Cogstate/DRM Paradigm) | P200 amplitude | SCZ = 25 HCs = 24 (ICD-10) Mean age: SCZ = 23 y; HCs = 22 y |
SCZ < HCs No significant correlation between P200 amplitude and cognitive domains |
| Green et al., 2017 [160] | Episodic memory (Memory Task Performance) | P200 amplitude | SCZ = 24 HCs = 19 (MINI) Mean age: 37 y |
SCZ = HCs No significant correlation between P200 amplitude and episodic memory |
| Morales-Muñoz et al., 2017 [197] | Attention/Vigilance, Working Memory, Speed of Processing, Verbal Learning, Visual Learning, Reasoning and Problem Solving (MCCB) | P200 amplitude | FEP = 38 HCs = 38 (DSM-IV; SCID) Mean age: FEP = 27 y; HCs = 30 y |
FEP < HCs Negative correlation between P200 amplitude and speed of processing |
| Nagasawa et al., 1999 [162] | Visual and Verbal Memory and Learning (WMS); Executive Functions (TMT) | P200 amplitude | SCZ = 28 HCs = 30 (DSM-III) Mean age: SCZ = 24 y; HC = 25 y |
SCZ = HCs Negative correlation between P200 amplitude and executive functions |
| Şahin D. et al., 2021 [147] | Working memory, executive function, information processing speed, learning and attention (Cognitive Basis Assessment Test battery) | P200 amplitude | SCZ = 35 HCs = 35 (DSM-IV) Mean age: SCZ = 28 y; HCs = 29 y |
SCZ < HCs No significant correlation between P200 amplitude and cognition |
| Zhao et al., 2011 [164] | Different phases of working memory, including early visual processing and late memory-related processes of encoding, maintenance, and retrieval (SMST paradigm) | P200 amplitude | SCZ = 67 HCs = 46 Mean age: SCZ = 42 y; HCs = 39 y |
SCZ < HCs No significant correlation between P200 amplitude and working memory performance |
| N200 | ||||
| Bruder et al., 1998 [156] | Visuospatial Attention (dot enumeration task) | N200 amplitude | SCZ = 28 HCs = 28 (DSM-IV) Mean age: SCZ = 33 y; HCs = 36 y |
SCZ < HCs Positive correlations between N200 amplitude and visuospatial attention |
| Bruder et al., 2001 [157] | Verbal, Logical and Visual Memory (WMS) | N200 amplitude | SCZ = 40 HCs = 14 (MINI) Mean age: SCZ = 33 y; HC = 32 y |
SCZ > HCs Negative correlation between N200 amplitude and logical memory |
| Coffman et al., 2016 [198] | Attention, Working Memory, Speed of Processing, Verbal Learning, Visual Learning, Reasoning, Problem Solving and Social Cognition (MCCB) | N200 amplitude | SCZ = 24 HCs = 22 (SCID DSM-IV) Mean age: SCZ = 36 y; HCs = 32 y |
SCZ > HCs No significant correlation between N200 amplitude cognitive domains. |
| Coffman et al., 2018 [199] | Attention, working memory, speed of processing, verbal learning, visual learning, reasoning and problem solving (MCCB) | N200 amplitude | FES = 20 HCs = 24 SCID (DSM-IV) Mean age: FES = 23 y; HCs = 25 y |
FES = HCs No significant correlation between N200 amplitude and cognitive domains |
| Dias et al., 2011 [159] | Attention/Vigilance (CPT); Working Memory (Task) | N200 amplitude | SCZ = 15 HCs = 27 (DSM-IV; SCID) Mean age: SCZ = 33 y; HCs = 33 y |
SCZ > HCs Negative correlation between N200 amplitude and the performance on working memory task |
| Kayser et al., 1999 [200] | Verbal Memory (behavioural task) | N200 amplitude | SCZ = 24 HCs = 19 (DSM-IV) Mean age: SCZ = 33 y; HCs = 32 y |
SCZ > HCs Negative correlation between N200 amplitude and verbal memory |
| Klein S. D. et al., 2020 [201] | Attention/Vigilance (CPT) | N200 amplitude | SCZ = 48 HCs = 68 (DSM-IV) Mean age: SCZ = 46 y; HCs = 45 y |
SCZ < HCs Negative correlation between N200 amplitude and attention/vigilance |
| Sklar Alfredo et al., 2020 [202] | Visual Attention (task performance); MCCB Total Score | N200 amplitude | FES = 32 HCs = 32 (SCID-DSM-IV) Mean age: FES = 22 y; HC = 22 y |
FES > HCs No significant correlation between N200 amplitude and visual attention or MCCB total score |
| Vignapiano et al., 2018 [67] | Attention, Working Memory, Speed of Processing, Verbal Learning, Visual Learning, Reasoning and Problem Solving (MCCB) | N200 amplitude | SCZ = 22 HCs = 34 (MINI) Mean age: SCZ = 33 y; HCs = 32 y |
SCZ = HCs No significant correlation between N200 amplitude and cognitive domains |
| P300 | ||||
| Best et al., 2020 [93] | Neurocognitive composite score (MCCB) | P300 amplitude | SCZ = 70 (SCID-DSM-IV) Mean age: 37 y |
Positive Correlation between P300 amplitude measured at baseline and improvements in neurocognitive composite score at follow-up, after completion of cognitive training sessions |
| Bruder et al., 1998 [156] | Visuospatial Attention (dot enumeration task) | P300 amplitude | SCZ = 28 HCs = 28 (DSM-IV) Mean age: SCZ = 33 y; HCs = 36 y |
SCZ < HCs Positive correlations between P300 amplitude and visuospatial attention |
| Catalano et al., 2021 [158] | Social Attention (Behavioural Task) | P300 amplitude | SCZ = 36 HCs = 20 (DSM-V: SCID) Mean age: SCZ = 48 y; HCs = 51 y |
SCZ = HCs No significant correlation between P300 amplitude and the performance during the social attention task |
| Clementz et al., 2008 [203] | Attention (Visual task) | P300 amplitude | SCZ = 17 HCs = 17 SCID (DSM-IV) Mean age: SCZ = 43 y; HCs = 41 y |
SCZ < HCs Positive correlation between P300 amplitude and the performance on the visual attention task |
| Ditcher et al., 2006 [204] | Information, Picture Completion, and Digit Span subtests of the WAIS-R; Executive Functions (TMT-A and B, TOL-version A, CPT); Visuospatial Working Memory (WCST) | P300 amplitude | SCZ = 13 HCs = 12 (SCID-DSM-IV) Mean age: SCZ = 28 y; HCs = 30 y |
SCZ < HCs Positive correlation between P300 amplitude and working memory |
| Francisco et al., 2020 [205] | Executive Functions (D-KEFS) | P300 amplitude | 22 q11.2 DS = 27 SCZ = 15 HCs(matched to 22 q11.2 DS) = 27 HCs (matched to SCZ) = 15 Mean age: 22 q11.2 DS and matched HCs = 22 y; SCZ and matched HCs = 43 y |
SCZ and 22 q11.2 DS < HCs Positive correlation between P300 amplitude and executive functions in both sample groups. |
| Wang et al., 2017 [206] | Phonological Processing (Tone Judgement Task), Working Memory (Digit Span Task) | P300 amplitude | SCZ = 47 HCs = 48 (DSM-IV) Mean age: SCZ = 28 y; HCs = 25 y |
SCZ < HCs Positive correlation between P300 amplitude and phonological processing and working memory |
| Zhao et al., 2011 [164] | Different phases of working memory, including early visual processing and late memory-related processes of encoding, maintenance, and retrieval (SMST paradigm) | P300 amplitude | SCZ = 67 HCs = 46 Mean age: SCZ = 42 y; HCs = 39 y |
SCZ > HCs No significant correlation between P300 amplitude and working memory performance |
| Zhao et al., 2014 [207] | Self-Referential Memory (Memory Task) | P300 amplitude | SCZ = 21 HCs = 22 (SCID-DSM-IV) Mean age: SCZ = 25 y; HCs = 25 y |
SCZ = HCs Negative correlation between P300 amplitude and self-referential memory |
| P3a | ||||
| Andreasen et al., 2016 [208] | Attention/Vigilance (CPT), Executive Functions (D-KEFS) | P3a amplitude | SCZ = 31 HCs = 47 (DSM-IV) Mean age: SCZ = 27 y; HCs = 25 y |
SCZ = HCs Positive correlation between P3a amplitude and attention |
| Hermens et al., 2010 [180] | Premorbid Intelligence (WTAR); Speed of Processing (TMT-A); Executive Functions (TMT-B); Attention (MC Subtest of the WMS); Verbal Learning and Memory (RAVLT): immediate recall (sum of trials 1–5; RAVLT A1 to A5), interference (distracter trial; RAVLT B1), post-interference recall (trial 6; RAVLT A6) and 20 min delayed recall (trial 7; RAVLT A7) | P3a amplitude | FEP = 17 HCs = 17 (DSM-IV) Mean age: FEP = 22 y; HCs = 23 y |
FEP < HCs Positive correlations between P3a amplitude and attention and verbal learning and memory |
| Higuchi et al., 2008 [209] | Japanese Verbal Learning Test (JVLT); and Digit Span from the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale Revised (WAIS) |
P3a (topographical activity through LORETA analysis) | SCZ = 16 HCs = 16 (SCID-DSM-IV) Mean age: SCZ = 31 y; HCs = 31 y |
SCZ > HCs Correlations between the increase in LORETA values of left superior temporal gyrus and verbal learning memory after treatment with olanzapine |
| Hochberger et al., 2019 [96] | Executive Functions, Working Memory, Episodic Memory, Complex Cognitive Processing, Speed of Processing, and Social Cognition (PENN CNB) | P3a amplitude | SCZ = 706 HCs = 605 (DSM-IV; SCID-II) Mean age: SCZ = 46 y; HCs = 39 y |
SCZ < HCs Positive correlation between P3a amplitude and executive functions (abstraction and flexibility), working memory, non-verbal memory and social cognition |
| Hochberger et al., 2019 [172] | Attention, working memory, speed of processing, verbal learning, visual learning, reasoning and problem solving (MCCB) | P3a amplitude and peak latency | SCZ = 22 (SCID-DSM-IV) Mean age = 36 y |
Changes in P3a features (an amplitude increase and a latency decrease) upon completion of just one hour of cognitive training were significantly associated with improvements in verbal learning abilities after a full treatment cycle |
| Jahshan et al., 2013 [183] | Emotional affective prosody, Facial Emotion Identification Task (behavioural task) | P3a amplitude | SCZ = 36 HCs = 18 (DSM-IV; SCID-II) Mean age: SCZ = 48 y; HCs = 46 y |
SCZ < HCs Positive correlation between P3a amplitude and emotional affective prosody |
| Johnston et al., 2005 [210] | Emotion recognition (facial emotion recognition task) | P3a amplitude | SCZ = 10 HCs = 15 (ICD-10) Mean age: SCZ = 31 y; HCs = 30 y |
SCZ = HCs Positive correlation was between P3a amplitude and emotion recognition |
| Kaur et al., 2011 [186] | Speed of Processing (TMT); Attentional Switching (TMT); Attention (MC Subtest of the WMS); Verbal Learning and Memory (RAVLT) | P3a amplitude | FEP = 18 HCs = 18 (SCID-DSM-IV) Mean age: SCZ = 22 y; HCs = 23 y |
FEP < HCs No significant correlation between P3a amplitude and cognitive domains |
| Koshiysma D et al., 2021 [115] | Verbal Learning (CVLT); Working Memory (LNS) | P3a amplitude | SCZs = 695 HCs = 503 (DSM-IV; SCID) Mean age: SCZ = 45 y HC = 44 y |
SCZ < HCs No significant correlation between P3a amplitude and verbal learning and working memory |
| Kruiper et al., 2019 [211] | Working Memory, Attention, Executive Functions (CANTAB) | P3a amplitude | FES = 73 HCs = 93 (ICD-10; DSM-IV) Mean age: FES = 25 y; HCs = 26 y |
FES < HCs No significant correlation between P3a amplitude and cognitive domains |
| Light et al., 2015 [190] | Global Cognitive score (MMSE) | P3a amplitude | SCZ = 877 HCs = 754 (SCID-DSM-IV) Mean age: SCZ = 42 y; HCs = 39 y |
SCZ > HCs No correlation between P3a amplitude and the global cognitive score |
| Morales-Muñoz et al., 2017 [197] | Attention/Vigilance, Working Memory, Speed of Processing, Verbal Learning, Visual Learning, Reasoning and Problem Solving (MCCB) | P3a amplitude | FEP = 38 HCs = 38 (DSM-IV; SCID) Mean age: FEP = 27 y; HCs = 30 y |
FEP < HCs Positive correlation between P3a amplitude and attention/vigilance |
| Randau et al., 2019 [176] | Working memory (BACS), Attention (IED) | P3a amplitude and peak latencies | FEP = 56 HC = 64 (ICD-10) Mean age: SCZ = 25 y; HCs = 25 y |
SCZ < HCs No correlation between P3a amplitude and latency with working memory and attention |
| Rissling et al., 2013 [192] | Attention/Vigilance (CPT-IP) | P3a amplitude | SCZ = 20 HCs = 20 (SCID-DSM-IV) Mean age: SCZ = 50 y; HCs = 48 y |
SCZ < HCs Positive correlation between pP3a amplitude and attention/vigilance |
| Solís-Vivanco et al., 2021 [105] | Attention/Vigilance, Speed of Processing, and Working Memory and Cognitive composite score (MCCB) | P3a amplitude | FEP = 15 HCs = 13 (DSM-IV) Mean age: FEP = 26 y; HCs = 23 y |
FEP < HCs No significant correlations between P3a and MCCB scores |
| P3b | ||||
| Andreasen et al., 2016 [208] | Attention/Vigilance (CPT); Executive Functions (D-KEFS) | P3b amplitude | SCZ = 31 HCs = 47 (DSM-IV) Mean age: SCZ = 27 y; HCs = 25 y |
SCZ < HCs Positive correlation between P3b amplitude and executive functioning and attention. |
| Bruder et al., 2001 [157] | Verbal, Logical and Visual Memory (WMS) | P3b amplitude | SCZ = 40 HCs = 14 MINI Mean age: SCZ = 33 y; HCs = 32 y |
SCZ = HCs No significant correlation between P3b amplitude verbal memory |
| Chang et al., 2014 [212] | Visual, Verbal and General Memory (WMS) | P3b amplitude | SCZ = 14 HCs = 14 (SCID-DSM-IV) Mean age: SCZ = 25 y; HCs = 26 y |
SCZ = HCs Positive correlation between P3a amplitude and visual and general memory |
| Ditcher et al., 2006 [204] | Information, Picture Completion, and Digit Span subtests of the WAIS-R; Executive Functions (TMT-A and B, TOL-version A, CPT); Visuospatial Working Memory (WCST) | P3b amplitude | SCZ = 13 HCs = 12 (SCID-DSM-IV) Mean age: SCZ = 28 y; HCs = 30 y |
SCZ < HCs Positive correlation between P3b amplitude and working memory and executive functions |
| Ertekin et al., 2017 [213] | Attention/Vigilance (CPT) | P3b amplitude | SCZ = 46 HCs = 29 (SCID-DSM-IV) Mean age: SCZ = 25 y; HCs = 25 y |
SCZ < HCs No significant correlation between P3b amplitude and attention |
| Galletly et al., 2007 [214] | Working Memory (Auditory Target Detection Task) | P3b amplitude | SCZ = 25 HCs = 25 (SCID-DSM-IV) Mean age: SCZ = 31 y; HCs = 30 y |
SCZ < HCs Positive correlation between P3b amplitude and working memory |
| Heidrich and Strick, 1997 [215] | Verbal intelligence (MWT); Attention (d2 Test) | P3b amplitude | SCZ = 13 (DSM-III) Mean age: 31 y |
Positive correlation between P3b amplitude and attention |
| Higuchi et al., 2021 [216] | Working Memory, Speed of Processing, Executive Function, Verbal Memory, Verbal Fluency, Speed of Processing (BACS) |
P3b amplitude
P3b latency |
ARMS = 33 SCZ = 39 HCs = 28 (CAARMS; ICD-10) Mean age: ARMS = 19 y; SCZ = 24 y; HCs = 22 y |
P3b amplitude SCZ < ARMS and HCs Positive correlation between P3b amplitude and attention, executive functions and BACS total score. Positive correlation between P300 amplitude and BACS total score P3b latency SCZ > ARMS and HCs Negative correlation between P300 latency and BACS total score |
| Johnston et al., 2005 [210] | Facial emotion recognition task. | P3b amplitude | SCZ = 10 HCs = 15 (ICD-10) Mean age: SCZ = 31 y; HCs = 30 y |
SCZ = HCs No significant correlation was found between P3b amplitude and emotion recognition |
| Kayser et al., 1999 [200] | Verbal Memory (task) | P3b amplitude | SCZ = 24 HCs = 19 (DSM-IV) Mean age: SCZ = 33 y; HCs = 32 y |
SCZ = HCs Positive correlation between P3b amplitude and verbal memory |
| Kim et al., 2003 [161] | Visual Memory (RCFT); Verbal Fluency (COWA); Executive Functions (WCST and TMT); Verbal Memory and Learning (WAIS) | P3b amplitude and latency | SCZ = 22 HCs = 21 (SCID-DSM-IV) Mean age: SCZ = 30 y; HCs = 28 y |
SCZ < HCs (amplitude); SCZ = HCs (latency) No significant correlation between P3b and cognitive domains |
| Kim et al., 2018 [217] | Verbal Learning and (CVLT); Executive Functions (WCST And TMT); Attention (TMT) |
P3b amplitude and inter-trial
variability |
SCZ = 45 GHR = 32 CHR = 32 HCs = 52 Mean age: SCZ = 26 y; GHR = 25 y; CHR = 21 y; HCs = 24 |
SCZ, GHR, and CHR < HCs Positive correlation between amplitude and inter-trial stability of P3b and verbal learning |
| Klein S. D. et al., 2020 [201] | Attention/Vigilance (CPT) | P3b amplitude | SCZ = 48 HCs = 68 (DSM-IV) Mean age: SCZ = 46 y; HCs = 45 y |
SCZ < HCs Positive correlation between P3b amplitude and attention/vigilance |
| Kruiper et al., 2019 [211] | Working Memory, Attention, Executive Functions (CANTAB) | P3b amplitude | FES = 73 HCs = 93 (ICD-10; DSM-IV) Mean age: FES = 25 y; HCs = 26 y |
FES < HCs Positive correlation between P3b amplitude and attention and working memory |
| Morales-Muñoz et al., 2017 [197] | Attention/Vigilance, Working Memory, Speed of Processing, Verbal Learning, Visual Learning, Reasoning and Problem Solving (MCCB) | P3b amplitude | FEP = 38 HCs = 38 (DSM-IV; SCID) Mean age: FEP = 27 y; HCs = 30 y |
FEP < HCs Positive correlation between P3b amplitude and attention/vigilance |
| Nagasawa et al., 1999 [162] | Visual and Verbal Memory and Learning (WMS); Executive Functions (TMT) | P3b amplitude | SCZ = 28 HCs = 30 DSM-III Mean age: SCZ = 24 y; HCs = 25 y |
SCZ < HCs Positive correlation between P3b amplitude and executive functions |
| Nieman et al., 2002 [218] | Speed of Processing and Attention (Finger Taping, CPT, TMT, Stroop Test); Intelligence (Four subtests of WAIS); Working Memory (Subjective Ordering Task); Verbal and Visual Memory (Verbal Fluency, CVLT, RCFT) | P3b amplitude | SCZ = 45 (DSM IV) HCs = 25 Mean age: SCZ = 21 y; HCs = 23 y |
SCZ < HCs Positive correlation between P3b amplitude and attention, verbal learning and memory retrieval |
| Schreiber et al., 1998 [219] | WAIS; Attention (D2 test of attention) | P3b amplitude | HRA = 12 HCs = 12 (DSM-IV) Mean age: HRA = 12 y; HCs = 12 y |
HRA < HCs Positive correlation between P3b amplitude and attention |
| Shajahan et al. 1997 [220] | Attention (WMS), verbal fluency test (WMS), Executive Functions (Stroop), Verbal Learning (CVLT) | P3b amplitude | SCZ = 19 HCs = 28 (DSM-IV) Mean age: SCZ = 35 y; HCs = 31 y |
SCZ < HCs Positive correlation between P3b amplitude and verbal learning |
| Schall et al., 1998 [221] | Attention (auditory discrimination task); Executive functions and attention (Stroop task and WCST); Problem solving (TOL); verbal fluency (COWA) |
P3b amplitude | SCZ treated with clozapine = 15 (SCID; DSM-III) Mean Age: 35 y |
Higher baseline values of P3b amplitude were correlated to greater improvements in problem solving and executive functioning assessed at follow-up visit, post-initiation of clozapine treatment. Increases in P3b amplitude (pre-post treatment) were correlated to improvements in an auditory attentive task. |
| Sumich et al., 2008 [163] | Verbal Memory (WMS-R and RAVLT); Executive Functions (WCST, Verbal fluency, Stroop Colour Word and TMT) | P3b amplitude and latency | SCZ = 18 HCs = 18 (DSM-III) Mean age: SCZ = 31 y; HCs = 28 y |
SCZ < HCs Positive correlation between P3a amplitude and executive functions, delayed visual memory |
| N400 | ||||
| Boudewyn et al., 2017 [222] | Vocabulary (NDVT); Working Memory (Listening Span); Attention/Vigilance (CPT) | N400 amplitude | SCZ = 26 HCs = 23 (DSM-IV; SCID) Mean age: SCZ = 23 y; HCs = 22 y |
Altered N400 sensitivity to context in SCZ compared to HCs. Negative correlation between N400 amplitude and vocabulary task |
| Favre et al., 2020 [196] | Executive function, Speed of Processing, Verbal and Visual Memory (Cogstate/DRM Paradigm) |
N400 amplitude | SCZ = 25 HCs = 24 (ICD-10) Mean age: SCZ = 23 y; HCs = 22 y |
SCZ < HCs No significant correlation between N400 amplitude and cognitive domains |
| Green et al., 2017 [160] | Episodic memory (Memory Task Performance) |
N400 amplitude | SCZ = 24 HCs = 19 (MINI) Mean age: 37 y |
SCZ > HCs No significant correlation between N400 amplitude and episodic memory |
| Jackson et al., 2014 [223] | Verbal Learning and Verbal Memory (CVLT) | N400 amplitude | SCZ = 41 PSY = 48 HCs = 35 (DSM-IV; SCID) Mean age: SCZ = 45; PSY = 43; HCs = 39 |
SCZ and OP > HCs Negative correlation between N400 amplitude and verbal learning and memory |
| Lepock et al., 2021 [224] | Attention/Vigilance, Working Memory, Speed of Processing, Verbal Learning, Visual Learning, Reasoning and Problem Solving; neurocognitive composite score (MCCB) | N400 amplitude | CHR = 35 (SIPS) Mean age: 21 y |
Negative correlation between N400 amplitude and neurocognitive composite score |
| ERN and Pe | ||||
| Alain et al., 2002 [225] | Attention and Cognitive Control (Stroop Task) | ERN amplitude | SCZ = 12 HCs = 12 (DSM-IV; SCID) Mean age: SCZ = 31 y; HCs = 32 y |
SCZ = HCs No significant correlation between ERN amplitude and attention and cognitive control |
| Chan et al., 2015 [226] | Error awareness (Accuracy scores subjectively assigned during a Flanker task) |
ERN amplitude
Pe amplitude |
PSY = 14 HCs = 12 (DSM-IV: SCID-I) Mean age: SCZ = 37 y; HCs = 37 y |
ERN amplitude PSY > HCs No correlation between ERN amplitude and error awareness Pe amplitude PSY < HCs Positive correlation between Pe amplitude and self-awareness of mistakes |
| Foti et al., 2020 [227] | Executive functions (TMT, Stroop, LNS); Attention/Speed of Processing (TMT); General cognitive abilities (WAIS) |
ERN amplitude
Pe amplitude |
PSY = 181 (93 with SCZ) HCs = 242 (DSM-IV; SCID) Mean age: PSY = 48 y; HCs = 51 y |
ERN amplitude PSY > HCs Negative correlation between ERN amplitude and executive functions, attention and general cognitive ability Pe amplitude PSY < HCs Positive correlation between ERN amplitude and executive functions and attention |
| Francisco et al., 2020 [205] | Executive Functions (D-KEFS) |
ERN amplitude
Pe amplitude |
22q11.2 DS = 27 SCZ = 15 HCs (matched to 22q11.2 DS) = 27 HCs (matched to SCZ) = 15 Mean age: 22q11.2 DS and matched HCs = 22 y; SCZ and matched HCs = 43 y |
ERN amplitude 22q11.2 DS and SCZ > HCs Negative correlation between ERN amplitude and executive functions Pe amplitude 22q11.2 DS and SCZ < HCs Positive correlation between P300 amplitude and executive functions |
The column “EEG-Indices” reports the EEG index considered in that study, while in the last column, differences between patients and controls, as well as correlations with cognition for that measure are reported. Participants diagnosed with DiGeorge syndrome (22q11.2DS); Auditory Consonant Trigram Test (ACT); German version of the Auditory Verbal Learning Test (AVLT); Japanese version of the Brief assessment of cognitive function of schizophrenia (BACS-J); Comprehensive Assessment of at-risk Mental States (CAARMS); the Cambridge Neuropsychological Test Automated Battery (CANTAB); Category Fluency (CFT); subjects at clinical high-risk for psychosis (CHR); Controlled Oral Word Association Test (COWA); Continuous Performance Test (CPT); Comprehensive Test of Phonological Processing (CTOPP); the California Verbal Learning Test (CVLT); Clozapine Group (CLZ); The Free Inquiry section of the Delis-Kaplan Executive Function System (D-KEFS); Deese–Roediger–McDermott (DRM); Delayed response task (DRT); Digit Span Backward Test (DS-BT); Digit Span Forward Test (DS-FT); Emotional Faces Recognition (ERT) tests; subjects with first-episode schizophrenia (FES); Facial Expressions of Emotion-Stimuli and Test (FEEST); Figural Memory Test (FMT); the Finger-Tapping Test (FTT); subjects at genetic-high-risk for psychosis (GHR); Gray Oral Reading Test (GORT-4); healthy controls (HCs); High-risk adolescents (HRA); Japanese Verbal Learning Test (JVLT); International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Probles (ICD-10); Intra/Extra Dimensional Set Shift (IED); Identical Pairs version (IP); the Luria–Nebraska neuropsychological battery (LNNB); Letter-Number Span Test (LNS); the Mehrfachwahl-Woertschatz Test (MWT); Mental Control (MC); Consensus Cognitive Battery (MCCB); Multiple Choice Vocabulary Test (MWT); Mini International Neuropsychiatric Inventory (MINI) assessment; Mini-Mental State Exam (MMSE); pitch mismatch-negativity (pMMN); duration P3 (dP3); double (pitch and duration) mismatch-negativity (dblMMN); the Multiple Word Recognition Test (MWT-B); National Adult Reading Test (NART); the Nelson-Denny vocabulary test (NDVT); One Touch Stockings of Cambridge (OTS); Paired Associates Learning (PAL); PENN Neurocognitive Battery (PENN CNB); Profile of Nonverbal Sensitivity (PONS); individuals with a history of psychosis or psychotic disorder (PSY); the Rey Auditory Verbal Learning Test (RAVLT); Repeatable Battery for the Assessment of Neuropsychological Status (RBANS); Rivermead Behavioural Memory Test (RBMT); The Rey–Osterrieth Complex Figure Test (RCFT); Rapid Visual Processing (RVP); Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-IV (SCID); Subjects with schizophrenia (SCZ); Structured Interview for Psychosis-Risk Syndromes (SIPS); Sustained potential (SP); Spatial Working Memory (SWM); treatment as usual (TAT); targeted cognitive training (TCT); Japanese Verbal Learning Test (JVLT); the Trail-Making Test (TMT); Tower of London (TOL); Patients maintained on typical neuroleptics (TYP); The Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale (WAIS); Wechsler Abbreviated Scale of Intelligence (WASI); the Wisconsin Card Sorting Test (WCST); he Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children (WISC-V); the Wechsler Logical Memory (Prose Recall) Test (WLMPR); Wechsler Memory Scale (WMS); Word Fluency Test (WFT); Wide Range Achievement Test-3 (WRAT-3); Wechsler Test of Adult Reading (WTAR).