Table 5.

Global effect of genetic anomalies in cilia. Deletion of cilia genes influences the process of cilia function and ciliogenesis. ODA: Outer dynein arm, IDA: Inner dynein arm.

Cilia Gene	Region Affected	Genetic Alteration Effect	References
CFAP43	Axonemal	Lower beating frequency	[29]
CFAP70/TTC18	ODA-Central pair	Reduced beating frequency	[28]
DNAH11	ODA	Hyperkinetic beating	[30]
DNAH9	ODA	Lower beating frequency, loss of outer dynein arm structures	[27,31]
DNAI1	ODA	Fewer actively beating cilia, loss of outer dynein arm structures	[32]
HYDIN	Central pair	Cilia is unable to bend normally; reduced beat frequency	[33]
IFT46	IFT subcomplex B	Reduced length and number of cilia	[18]
OFD1	Centriole	Lack of cilia in the embryonic node	[34]
PIBF1	Cilia assembly	Non-motile cilia assembly, Reduced number of cilia	[35]
SPAG17	Central pair	Central pair structural abnormalities	[36]
TRAF3IP1/IFT154	IFT subcomplex B	Absence of cilia, abnormal ciliogenesis	[37]
WDR63/DNAI3	IDA	Disorganization of cilia	[23]