Table 1.

Characteristics of ultrasound-responsive hydrogels for tissue engineering applications.

Application	Hydrogel Polymer System	Payload	Ultrasound Parameters	Reference
Bone Regeneration	Alginate Hydrogel	BMP-2	2.5 min/h for 5 h Amplitude of 25% 9.6 mW/cm2	[106]
Cartilage Repair	Chitosan Hydrogel	BMSCs aided by nanocarriers	1 MHz 2–3 W/cm2 20–30% duty cycle	[72]
Bone Regeneration	Alginate Hydrogel	BMP-2 conjugated gold nanoparticles	2.5 min/h for 5 h Amplitude of 25% 9.6 mW/cm2	[93]
Cartilage Repair	Chitosan Hydrogel	Kartogenin on microparticles	2 and 5 min intervals	[115]
Skin Repair	Cellulose Hydrogel Film	Mimosa drug	LIFU 23, 43, and 96 kHz 5–30 W	[116]
Vascularization	Fibrin Hydrogel	bFGF release	100 Hz, 6.1 MPa 5.4 μs pulse	[117]
Bone Regeneration	Collagen Hydrogel	Osteoblasts	LIPUS 1 MHz, 1 kHz, 1 Hz Duty cycle: 20%, 50% or 100% 30 and 150 mW/cm2	[65]