Table 3.

Description of measures.

Measure	Description
Pharyngeal depth	Linear distance (millimeters) from PNS to PPW or adenoid pad as seen on the midsagittal image
Velar length	Linear distance (millimeters) from the posterior nasal spine to the tip of the uvula as seen on the midsagittal image
VP ratio	Calculation obtained from dividing velar length by pharyngeal depth
Effective velar length	Linear distance (millimeters) from the posterior nasal spine to the velar knee as seen on the midsagittal image
Effective VP ratio	Calculation obtained from dividing effective velar length by the pharyngeal depth
Adenoid depth	Linear distance (millimeters) along the palatal plane from the adenoid pad to the posterior end of the adenoid
Adenoid thickness	Linear distance (millimeters) from Sy2 (posterior edge of sphenobasioccipital synchondrosis), a common cephalometric landmark, toward the Ad2, the most convex point of the adenoid
Adenoid height	Linear distance (millimeters) from the most anterior and superior edge of the adenoid to the most posterior and inferior edge
Adenoid cross-sectional area	Segmentation of the adenoid on the midsagittal image (mm2)

Note. PNS = posterior nasal spine; PPW = posterior pharyngeal wall; VP = velopharyngeal.