Table 1.

Programed cell death mediated by ZBP1 during microbial infection.

Pathogens		Genome or Type	Ligands of ZBP1	Type of Cell Death	Subcellular Location of ZBP1	Virulent Factor	Antagonism Mechanism against ZBP1 Signaling	Reference(s)
Viruses	MCMV	dsDNA	nascent RNA	Necroptosis	cytoplasm	vIRA	Disrupts ZBP1–RIPK3 interactions	[79,80,81,82,83]
	HSV-1	dsDNA	nascent RNA	PANoptosis	cytoplasm	ICP6	Disrupts ZBP1–RIPK3 interactions	[84,85,86,87,88]
	VZV	dsDNA	nascent RNA	Apoptosis	cytoplasm	ORF20	Disrupts ZBP1–RIPK3 interactions	[89]
	VACV	dsDNA	VACV Z-RNA	Necroptosis	cytoplasm	E3	Interdicts the sensing of ZBP1 for viral Z-RNA	[6,90,91]
	IAV	ssRNA (−)	IAV Z-RNA	PANoptosis	nucleus			[23,61,92]
	WNV	ssRNA (+)						[93]
	ZIKV	ssRNA (+)		Necroptosis				[94]
	SARS-CoV-2	ssRNA (+)		PANoptosis		ORF8	Inhibits the IFN-γ-induced expression of ZBP1	[95,96]
Bacterium	Escherichia coli; Yersinia pseudotuberculosis; F. novicida.	Gram-negative		PANoptosis		EspL	Cleaves RHIM fragments of all RHIM-containing host proteins	[84,97]
Fungus	Candida albican; Aspergillus fumigatus			PANoptosis				[98]