Fig. 4.

NaAsO₂ promotes decreased mitochondrial mass and a shift toward glycolysis. (A) HepG2 cells were exposed to various doses of NaAsO₂ and stained with MitoTracker Green (green) and DAPI (blue) 24 h after exposure. (B) The intensity of MitoTracker Green in 22 cells for each condition was determined using ImageJ and plotted as a function of NaAsO₂ exposure. In (A) and (B), data were compared using the Student t test, with ****P < 0.0001. (C) After 24 h exposure, Seahorse XFp Cell Energy Phenotype Analysis was performed on HepG2 cells to measure the OCR and ECAR. The open and filled boxes represent the cells in the absence or presence of FCCP for each of the three conditions. Data represent mean ± SD for three experimental replicates. (D) Epitranscriptomic changes in cytosolic and mitochondrial tRNAs of HepG2 cells 2 h after exposure to NaAsO₂. (E) Significant (P < 0.05) gene ontology enrichments for proteins that were up-regulated (P < 0.05) or down-regulated (P < 0.05) in HepG2 cells in response to NaAsO₂ as determined by proteomics (see SI Appendix, Tables S1 and S2).