Table 1.

The major types of propolis, their geographical origin, and major constituents.

Propolis Type	Geographic Origin	Plant Source	Typical Chemical Constituents
Poplar propolis	Europe, North America, non-tropical regions of Asia	Populus spp. (most often P. nigra L.)	pinocembrin, pinobanksin, pinobanksin-3-O-acetate, chrysin, galangin, phenolic acids, and their esters
Birch propolis	Russia	Betula verucosa Ehrh.	acacetin, apigenin, ermanin, rhamnocitrin, kaempferid, α-acetoxybetulenol, cinnamic acids, phenylpropanoid sesquiterpenols,
Green (Alecrim) propolis	Brazil	Baccharis ssp. (most often B. dracunculifolia DC.)	prenylated p-coumaric acids and o-hydroxy-acetophenone, labdane, diterpenic acids
Red propolis	Cuba, Mexico, Brazil, Venezuela, Amazon	Clussia ssp.(?) Clusia flower Dalbergia ecastaphyllum	phenylpropene derivative elemicin, triterpenic alcohol β-amyrin, prenylated benzophenones, polyprenylated benzophenones, formononetin, isoliquiritigenin, liquiritigenin, medicarpin, and biochanin A
Mediterranean propolis	Greece, Malta, Crete, Cyprus, Turkey, Algeria, Southern Italy	Cupressaceae/Juniperus/Pinus family), Conifer spp., Ferula communis, Castanea sativa, Cistus spp., Quercus ilex L., Fraxinus ornus L., and Olea europaea L.	diterpenes, communic, cupressic and isocupressic acids, totarol, labdane, abietane diterpenes, clerodane, pinobanksin esters, anthraquinones, esters of caffeic and ferulic acids,
“Canarian” propolis	Canarian Islands	unknown	furoruran lignans (sesamin, episesamin, methyl xanthoxylol, aschantin, sesartenin, and yangambin), sesquiterpenoids, spatulenol, nerolidol
“Pacific” propolis	Okinawa, Taiwan, Japan	Macaranga plants, Macaranga tanarius	C-prenyl-flavanones prenylflavonoids, more specifically isonymphaeol-B, nymphaeol-A, nymphaeol-B, nymphaeol-C, propolins, 3′-geranyl-naringenin