Table 1.
Clinical and anthropometric parameters of T1D patients, siblings and CTRLs.
| Parameter | T1D Average ± SD |
Siblings Average ± SD |
CTRLs Average ± SD |
|
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Birth weight (kg) | 3.24 ± 0.55 | 3.02 ± 0.55 | 3.32 ± 0.42 | |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 16.48 ± 2.84 | 19.88 ± 2.09 | 17.61 ± 1.61 | |
| Total Cholesterol (mg/dL) | 155.65 ± 49.87 | 152.00 ± 14.76 | 153.98 ± 16.24 | |
| HDL-C (mg/dL) | 42.44 ± 13.30 | 49.59 ± 3.12 | 50.39 ± 4.16 | |
| LDL-C (mg/dL) | 95.70 ± 33.03 | 91.47 ± 3.12 | 94.81 ± 6.51 | |
| Triglycerides (mg/dL) | 91.79 ± 45.65 | 60.47 ± 6.18 | 59.02 ± 6.32 | |
| Pubertal stage (PS) | PS = 1 | 28 (53.8) | 5 (29.4) | 31 (54.4) |
| PS = 2–3 | 13 (25) | 4 (23.5) | 18 (31.6) | |
| PS = 4–5 | 11 (21.2) | 8 (47.1) | 8 (14.0) | |
| T1D Patients Features | ||||
| Parameter | Average ± SD | Variable Cut Off | Cases N (%) | |
| Age at onset (years) | 9.52 ± 3.21 | Age at onset > 14 years | 6 (11.5) | |
| Blood pH at onset | 7.26 ± 0.12 | normal pH ≥ 7.32 | 24 (46.1) | |
| moderate 7.10 ≤ pH < 7.32 | 24 (46.1) | |||
| severe pH < 7.10 | 4 (7.6) | |||
| Exogenous insulin need (IU/kg BM) | 0.84 ± 0.25 | Exogenous insulin need ≥1 IU/kg BM | 15 (28.8) | |
| IAA (U/mL) | 6.38 ± 3.56 | IAA ≥ 7 U/mL | 18 (53.8) | |
| IA-2 (U/mL) | 40.56 ± 208.44 | IA-2 > 1 U/mL | 42 (80.8) | |
| Anti-GAD (U/mL) | 31.80 ± 40.91 | Anti-GAD > 1 U/mL | 31 (59.6) | |
| c-peptide (ng/mL) | 0.31 ± 0.19 | c-peptide < 1 ng/mL | 52 (100) | |
| HbA1c (%) | 102.37 ± 22.71 | HbA1c > 48 mmol/mol | 52 (100) | |
| CRP (mg/L) | 0.45 ± 1.40 | CRP > 1 mg/L | 4 (7.6) | |
| Presence of other autoimmune diseases (i.e., Thyroiditis and celiac disease) | 9 (17.3) | |||
SD, standard deviation; BMI, body mass index; IAA, insulin autoantibodies; IA-2, islet antigen 2 antibody; anti-GAD, anti-glutamic acid decarboxylase antibody; HbA1c, glycated hemoglobin; HDL, High Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol; LDL, Low Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol; CRP, C-Reactive Protein.