Table 1.
Baseline Characteristics
| Variable | Cohort | P value | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Overall (n=834) | Training (n=571) | Validation (n=263) | ||
| Age, years | 60(53–64) | 60 (53–63) | 60 (53–64) | 0.488 |
| Male, n (%) | 561(67.3) | 390 (68.3) | 171 (65.0) | 0.390 |
| Smoke, n (%) | 137(16.4) | 93(16.3) | 44(16.7) | 0.952 |
| Drink, n (%) | 97(11.6) | 61(10.7) | 36(13.7) | 0.254 |
| DBP, mmHg | 83(74–90) | 82(75–90) | 84(74–90) | 0.801 |
| SBP, mmHg | 128(116–140) | 128(117–140) | 128(116–140) | 0.874 |
| Medical history | ||||
| HTN, n (%) | 228(27.3) | 157 (27.5) | 71 (27.0) | 0.947 |
| DM, n (%) | 34(4.1) | 23 (4.0) | 11 (4.2) | 1.000 |
| Previous stroke /TIA, n (%) | 0(0) | 0(0) | 0(0) | – |
| Vascular disease, n (%) | 2(0.2) | 2 (0.4) | 0 (0) | 0.842 |
| Dyslipidemia, n (%) | 455(54.6) | 311(54.5) | 144(54.8) | 0.998 |
| NPAF, n (%) | 481(57.7) | 339 (59.4) | 142 (54.0) | 0.166 |
| CAD, n (%) | 93(11.2) | 64 (11.2) | 29 (11.0) | 1.000 |
| CHF, n (%) | 57(6.8) | 47(8.2) | 10(3.8) | 0.027 |
| CHA2DS2-VASc Score | 1(0–1) | 1(0–1) | 1(0–1) | 0.510 |
| Laboratory data | ||||
| Uric Acid, μmol/L | 363(304–430) | 364(305–431) | 359(304–423) | 0.718 |
| eGFR, mL/(min ▪1.73 m2) | 91(81–102) | 91 (80–102) | 91 (82–102) | 0.955 |
| PT-INR | 1.07(1.00–1.24) | 1.07 (1.00–1.24) | 1.06 (1.01–1.25) | 0.667 |
| D-dimer, μg/L | 120(90–230) | 120(90–240) | 130(90–230) | 0.765 |
| Fibrinogen, g/L | 2.56(2.28–2.88) | 2.56(2.28–2.85) | 2.56(2.29–2.92) | 0.889 |
| Echocardiographic parameters | ||||
| LAT/SEC, n (%) | 114(13.7) | 84 (14.7) | 30 (11.4) | 0.237 |
| LAD, mm | 39(37–43) | 39 (37–43) | 39 (37–43) | 0.997 |
| LVEDD, mm | 48(44–50) | 48(44–50) | 48 (45–51) | 0.702 |
| LVEF, % | 58(55–59) | 58 (55–59) | 58(55–59) | 0.650 |
| E/e’ | 7.7(6.0–9.8) | 7.5(6.0–9.6) | 8.0(6.0–10.0) | 0.119 |
| LVMI, g/m2 | 87.7(78.0–101.5) | 87.1(77.5–101.8) | 88.5(78.8–100.6) | 0.419 |
| LVH, n (%) | 138(16.5) | 90(15.8) | 48(18.3) | 0.425 |
| Medication | ||||
| Amiodarone, n (%) | 574(68.8) | 387(67.8) | 187(71.1) | 0.377 |
| Antiplatelet, n (%) | 45(5.4) | 28(4.9) | 17(6.5) | 0.446 |
| Warfarin | 245(29.4) | 163(28.5) | 82(31.2) | 0.488 |
| NOAC | 589(70.6) | 408(71.5) | 181(68.8) | 0.488 |
| Diuretic | 104(12.5) | 75(13.1) | 29(11.0) | 0.457 |
Abbreviations: CAD, coronary artery disease; CHF, congestive heart failure; DBP, diastolic blood pressure; DM, diabetes mellitus; HTN, hypertension; LAD, left atrium diameter; LAT, left atrial thrombus; LVEDD, left ventricular end diastolic diameter; LVEF, left ventricular ejection fraction; LVH, left ventricular hypertrophy; LVMI, left ventricular mass index; NOAC, new oral anticoagulants; NPAF, non-paroxysmal AF; SBP, systolic blood pressure; SEC, spontaneous echo contrast; TIA, transient ischemic attack.