Fig. 2. Bilateral NAc low-frequency oscillation captured during self-reported, at-risk moments for LOC eating.

a, Both subjects reporting LOC eating events (high craving, low hunger) in the real world consistent with the diagnosis of BED, and kept a food diary describing the LOC, craving and hunger intensity. Analysis of the left and right ventral NAc showed an increase in low-frequency oscillations during LOC eating when subjects experienced craving, compared with hunger and control periods (blue arrow corresponds to frequency quantified in bandpower insert). This increase in low frequency was observed in both our subjects (craving-red trace: power (V² (volts squared) per Hz) (mean ± s.e.m.): subject 1, left NAc: 0.21 ± 0.11, right NAc: 0.16 ± 0.06, n = 10 events; subject 2, left NAc: 0.58 ± 0.14, right NAc: 0.21 ± 0.07, n = 71 events; control-black trace: subject 1, left NAc: 0.1 ± 0.04, right NAc: 0.04 ± 0.01, n = 9 events; subject 2, left NAc: 0.19 ± 0.04, right NAc: 0.09 ± 0.04, n = 80 events; hunger-blue trace: subject 1, left NAc: 0.06 ± 0.01; right NAc: 0.03 ± 0.01, n = 13 events; subject 2, left NAc: 0.27 ± 0.11, right NAc: 0.11 ± 0.03, n = 37 events; corrected for multiple comparisons with P value adjustment for the three conditions using Bonferroni’s corrections (ANOVA, followed by Student’s t-tests comparing each state): subject 1, left NAc: F = 3.50, P = 0.04; right NAc: F = 4.95, P = 0.03; subject 2, left NAc: F = 5.14, P = 0.02, right NAc: F = 0.07, P = 0.93, ^**P < 0.05). b, The detection algorithms programmed to detect low frequency in both left and right ventral NAc simultaneously. An analysis of the LFP time-locked to low frequency triggered detections captured over 8 weeks during scheduled awake and user-initiated LOC recordings and confirmed that our detection algorithms were indeed detecting changes in low-frequency power. Bar graphs with error bars are presented as mean bandpower ± s.e.m.