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. 2022 Aug 25;4(9):1109–1118. doi: 10.1038/s42255-022-00615-8

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© The Author(s) 2022

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Extended Data Fig. 3 — a, MALDI-MSI data from a single kidney measurement, which was incubated with U-¹³C₆-glucose for 2 h, was bisected (into sample 1 and sample 2) and used to test the accuracy of the imputation. m/z features corresponding to metabolites were taken out from sample 1. Based on these lipid profiles, metabolite abundance of sample 2 was used to impute their abundance in sample 1. b, Spearman’s correlation analysis on the imputed and detected metabolites in kidney sample 1 based on all the pixels. Dots represent different metabolites. c, UMAP analysis on integrated MALDI-MSI data of the 2 samples and resulting 29 clusters. d, Spearman’s correlation analysis on the average value of each cluster between the imputed and detected metabolites abundance in kidney sample 1. e, The ratio of the ¹³C enrichment calculated from detected metabolites abundance in the 29 clusters between sample 1 and sample 2. Dots represent different clusters. f, The ratio of the ¹³C enrichment calculated from the imputed and detected metabolites abundance in the 29 cell clusters of kidney sample 1. Dots represent different clusters. g, The ratio of the ¹³C enrichment calculated from the imputed metabolites abundance of sample 1 from sample 2 and detected metabolites abundance of kidney sample 2 in the 29 cell clusters. Dots represent different clusters. h, MALDI-MSI data from measurements of two different kidneys, which were incubated with U-¹³C₆-glucose for 2 h, were used to test the performance of the imputation between different measurements. i, Spearman’s correlation analysis on the imputed and detected metabolites production based on all the pixels. Dots represent different metabolites. j, Spearman’s correlation analysis on the average value of each cluster between the imputed and detected metabolites abundance. Dots represent different metabolites. All the performance test were done on 3 different imputations from different biological independent samples.

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