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. 2022 Sep 5;28(9):1813–1822. doi: 10.1038/s41591-022-01956-3

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© The Author(s) 2022

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Fig. 2 — a, Newly developed stereotaxic frame mounted on the Medtronic MAST Quadrant minimally invasive retractor system. b, Immunohistochemistry with human-specific GDNF antibody showed robust and widespread GDNF production along the lumbar spinal cord, with arrows highlighting the 2-mm injection intervals. c, A GLP study showed that only a few animals exhibited lower PNM scores during the first 3 d post-surgery, with all animals presenting PNM scores of at least 13 from day 4 until designated termination. Sample size n = 52 biologically independent animals. d, Immunohistochemistry with human-specific antibodies demonstrated cell survival (Stem121), GDNF production and differentiation into GFAP-positive astrocytes. Scale bar, 200 µm.