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. 2022 Sep 5;28(9):1813–1822. doi: 10.1038/s41591-022-01956-3

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© The Author(s) 2022

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Fig. 4 — a,b, Immunohistochemistry showed graft survival with a high level of GDNF (a), yet very low levels of IBA1 staining (b). c, Descending motor neuron tracts showed an inflammatory response with hypertrophic microglia and IBA1 staining. d,e, Immunohistochemistry showed that ChAT-positive motor neurons were (d) lost in the ALS lumbar spinal cord and (e) preserved in the control spinal cord. f, The treated and untreated spinal cord sides showed similar numbers of ChAT-positive motor neurons across participants; motor neurons were significantly lower in participant 102 (p = 0.0001) and significantly higher (p = 0.0013) in 113 on the treated compared to untreated side. Box plots depict median and 25th to 75th percentiles, with min and max whiskers. Sample size n = 47 (on average) independent participant spinal cord sections, n = 25 independent control spinal cord sections. Magnification, ×2.5 (a,b); ×20 (c); ×5 (d,e).