Table 2.
Characteristics of older women with VF according to severity and number
|
No VF n = 2163 |
Grade 1 VF n = 260 |
Grade 2 VF n = 216 |
Grade 3 VF n = 213 |
p- valuea,b |
1 VF n = 481 |
2 VF n = 141 |
≥ 3 VF n = 67 |
p-valuea,b | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age (years) | 77.7 ± 1.6 | 78.0 ± 1.5§ | 78.0 ± 1.6 | 78.1 ± 1.6# | < 0.01 | 78.0 ± 1.6† | 78.0 ± 1.5 | 78.2 ± 1.7 | < 0.01 |
| Height (cm) | 162.2 ± 5.9 | 161.9 ± 5.6 | 161.8 ± 5.8 | 159.9 ± 6.0# Ω€ | < 0.01 | 161.6 ± 5.8 | 161.2 ± 5.6 | 159.2 ± 6.3∑ β | < 0.01 |
| Weight (kg) | 68.5 ± 11.9 | 69.3 ± 11.4 | 69.4 ± 12.4 | 67.4 ± 12.6 | 0.28 | 68.8 ± 11.6 | 70.7 ± 12.7 | 64.3 ± 13.4∑ β µ | < 0.01 |
| Body mass index (kg/m2) | 26.1 ± 4.3 | 26.4 ± 4.0 | 26.5 ± 4.5 | 26.3 ± 4.5 | 0.29 | 26.3 ± 4.2 | 27.2 ± 4.4£ | 25.2 ± 4.6 β | 0.01 |
| Femoral neck BMD (g/cm2) | 0.67 ± 0.11 | 0.65 ± 0.10§ | 0.64 ± 0.09¤ | 0.62 ± 0.11# Ω | < 0.01 | 0.64 ± 0.09† | 0.64 ± 0.09£ | 0.60 ± 0.12∑ β µ | < 0.01 |
| Femoral neck BMD (T-score) | − 1.57 ± 0.90 | − 1.73 ± 0.81§ | − 1.83 ± 0.73¤ | − 1.95 ± 0.89# Ω | < 0.01 | − 1.79 ± 0.79† | − 1.80 ± 0.79£ | − 2.19 ± 0.97∑ β µ | < 0.01 |
| FRAX MOF without BMD (%) | 30.3 ± 11.9 | 30.9 ± 10.8 | 32.2 ± 12.0 | 35.9 ± 13.6# Ω€ | < 0.01 | 32.1 ± 11.9† | 33.3 ± 12.1£ | 37.4 ± 14.0∑ β | < 0.01 |
| FRAX hip fracture without BMD (%) | 17.7 ± 12.2 | 17.7 ± 10.5 | 18.9 ± 12.3 | 21.9 ± 14.9# Ω | < 0.01 | 18.7 ± 12.1 | 19.5 ± 12.5 | 23.5 ± 16.0∑ β | < 0.01 |
| FRAX MOF with BMD (%) | 22.0 ± 11.3 | 23.9 ± 11.4§ | 25.2 ± 11.5¤ | 29.6 ± 14.8# Ω€ | < 0.01 | 25.1 ± 12.4† | 26.4 ± 11.9£ | 32.3 ± 15.5∑ β µ | < 0.01 |
| FRAX hip fracture with BMD (%) | 10.3 ± 10.5 | 11.4 ± 10.8 | 12.4 ± 11.1¤ | 16.1 ± 11.1# Ω€ | < 0.01 | 12.4 ± 12.0† | 13.1 ± 11.8£ | 18.8 ± 16.3∑ β µ | < 0.01 |
| Fall within the last year, % (n) | 28.9 (626) | 25.0 (65) | 27.8 (60) | 38.0 (81) | 0.02 | 26.6 (128) | 39.0 (55) | 34.3 (23) | 0.03 |
| Self-reported prior fracture, % (n)c | 33.1 (717) | 38.1 (99) | 45.8 (99) | 62.0 (132) | < 0.01 | 44.1 (212) | 53.2 (75) | 64.2 (43) | < 0.01 |
| Family history of hip fracture, % (n) | 17.2 (373) | 17.7 (46) | 18.5 (40) | 20.7 (44) | 0.64 | 18.3 (88) | 21.3 (30) | 17.9 (12) | 0.65 |
| Current smoking, % (n) | 5.0 (109) | 3.1 (8) | 5.6 (12) | 7.0 (15) | 0.26 | 4.0 (19) | 5.0 (7) | 13.4 (9) | 0.01 |
| Excessive alcohol consumption, % (n)d | 0.5 (10) | 0.8 (2) | 0.0 (0) | 0.9 (2) | 0.33 k | 0.6 (3) | 0.7 (1) | 0.0 (0) | 0.69 k |
| Secondary osteoporosis, % (n)e | 22.7 (492) | 24.2 (63) | 16.2 (35) | 18.3 (39) | 0.06 | 18.9 (91) | 21.3 (30) | 23.9 (16) | 0.31 |
| Medications | |||||||||
| Glucocorticoid use, % (n)f | 3.0 (64) | 3.1 (8) | 4.2 (9) | 7.5 (16) | 0.01 | 3.7 (18) | 6.4 (9) | 9.0 (6) | 0.01 k |
| Osteoporosis medication, % (n)g | 8.2 (178) | 10.4 (27) | 13.4 (29) | 31.9 (68) | < 0.01 | 14.8 (71) | 21.3 (30) | 34.3 (23) | < 0.01 |
| Medical history | |||||||||
| Rheumatoid arthritis, % (n) | 3.7 (79) | 4.6 (12) | 2.8 (6) | 5.2 (11) | 0.51 | 4.4 (21) | 2.8 (4) | 6.0 (4) | 0.62 |
| Hyperthyroidism, % (n) | 5.1 (110) | 4.6 (12) | 4.6 (10) | 4.7 (10) | 0.98 | 4.8 (23) | 3.5 (5) | 6.0 (4) | 0.84 |
| Osteoporosis, % (n)h | 16.5 (356) | 24.2 (63) | 27.3 (59) | 47.4 (101) | < 0.01 | 27.2 (131) | 38.3 (54) | 56.7 (38) | < 0.01 |
| Hypertension, % (n) | 52.3 (1131) | 51.2 (133) | 53.2 (115) | 51.2 (109) | 0.96 | 51.8 (249) | 51.1 (72) | 53.7 (36) | 0.98 |
| Stroke, % (n) | 6.4 (139) | 8.5 (22) | 4.6 (10) | 10.3 (22) | 0.06 | 7.3 (35) | 6.4 (9) | 14.9 (10) | 0.05 |
| Myocardial infarction, % (n) | 4.4 (95) | 4.2 (11) | 5.1 (11) | 8.0 (17) | 0.12 | 4.8 (23) | 7.1 (10) | 9.0 (6) | 0.17 |
| Angina, % (n) | 5.0 (107) | 4.6 (12) | 7.9 (17) | 7.0 (15) | 0.18 | 5.8 (28) | 7.1 (10) | 9.0 (6) | 0.33 |
| Heart failure, % (n) | 7.7 (166) | 9.2 (24) | 10.2 (22) | 12.2 (26) | 0.09 | 8.3 (40) | 17.0 (24) | 11.9 (8) | < 0.01 |
| Diabetes, % (n) | 9.6 (207) | 11.9 (31) | 6.9 (15) | 11.3 (24) | 0.26 | 9.1 (44) | 10.6 (15) | 16.4 (11) | 0.28 |
|
Chronic bronchitis, asthma, emphysema, % (n) |
9.2 (200) | 10.0 (26) | 11.6 (25) | 11.7 (25) | 0.49 | 10.6 (51) | 11.3 (16) | 13.4 (9) | 0.48 |
| Cancer, % (n) | 20.2 (437) | 22.3 (58) | 20.8 (45) | 19.2 (41) | 0.84 | 21.8 (105) | 17.0 (24) | 22.4 (15) | 0.61 |
| Glaucoma, % (n) | 8.6 (187) | 7.7 (20) | 7.9 (17) | 4.7 (10) | 0.24 | 7.1 (34) | 6.4 (9) | 6.0 (4) | 0.49 |
Values are presented as mean ± standard deviation for continuous variables and as percentage and number for categorical variables
Significance was defined by a p-value < 0.05 and significant values are presented in bold
VFA vertebral fracture assessment, VF vertebral fracture, BMD bone mineral density
§Grade 1 VF vs. no VF
¤Grade 2 VF vs. no VF
#Grade 3 VF vs. no VF
ΩGrade 3 VF vs. grade 1 VF
€Grade 3 VF vs. grade 2 VF
†One VF vs. no VF
£Two VF vs. no VF
∞Two VF vs. one VF
∑Three or more VF vs. no VF
βThree or more VF vs. one VF
µThree or more VF vs. two VF
aContinuous variables one way ANOVA followed by Bonferroni post hoc test
bCategorical variables χ2 test
cAfter 50 years of age, fractures of the skull and face are excluded
d21 or more units per week
eDiabetes (type 1 and type 2), menopause before 45 years of age, inflammatory bowel disease, chronic kidney disease
fDaily oral treatment with at least 5 mg for 3 months or more ever during lifetime
gCurrent treatment with bisphosphonates, teriparatide, or denosumab
hSelf-reported
i192
j46
kFisher’s exact test. FRAX-scores were calculated without information from VFA