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. 2022 Sep 22;7:334. doi: 10.1038/s41392-022-01175-9

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© The Author(s) 2022

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Fig. 2 — The machinery of RNA modifications and their molecular functions in mRNA. All RNA modifications included in this review can be installed on mRNA through their writers, and m⁶A as well as m¹A modifications can be removed by indicated erasers, therefore making these RNA modifications dynamically reversible processes. Some of the RNA modifications can be recognized by their respective reader proteins, which changes the fates of target RNAs via altering generation, transportation, function and metabolization. m⁶A N⁶-methyladenosine, m⁵C 5-methylcytosine, m¹A N¹-methyladenosine, m⁷G 7-methylguanosine, ac⁴C N⁴-acetylcytidine, ψ pseudouridine, U Uridine, A-to-I editing adenosine-to-inosine RNA editing, dsRNA double-stranded RNA