Fig. 5.
The machinery of RNA modifications and their molecular functions in tRNA. The indicated RNA modifications are installed on tRNA through indicated writers, and m1A modifications can be removed by ALKBH3 and FTO, while m5C modification on pre-tRNA can be converted into hm5C or f5C by TET2. These modifications on tRNA can alter the structure of tRNA, thereby regulating its functions to affect the translation efficiency. The same modification can be installed by different writers on tRNAs in different parts of the cell. A-to-I editing on different tRNA positions can be added by different writers. ac4C writer NAT10 modifies tRNAs assisted by the adaptor Tan1/THUMPD1. m5C 5-methylcytosine, m1A N1-methyladenosine, m7G 7-methylguanosine, ac4C N4-acetylcytidine, ψ pseudouridine, A-to-I adenosine-to-inosine, hm5C 5-hydroxymethylcytidine, f5C 5-formylcytidine