Table 1.
Sample Characteristics: Overall and According to GAD-7, BDI-II and PSS scores.
| Overall | GAD-7 <10 | GAD-7≥ 10 | p | BDI-II <14 | BDI ≥14 | p | PSS | pa | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| N = 1329 | n = 694 | n = 635 | n = 634b | n = 692b | n = 1329 | ||||
| Age (median, IQR) | 23 (21–25) | 23 (4) | 23 (4) | .437 | 23 (3) | 23 (4) | .393 | — | |
| N(%) | N(%) | N(%) | N(%) | N(%) | Median (IQR) | ||||
| Gender | <.001 | <.001 | <.001 | ||||||
| Women | 869 (65.4) | 413 (59.5) | 456 (71.8) | 370 (58.4) | 496 (71.7) | 24 (18–28) | |||
| Men | 455 (34.2) | 280 (40.3) | 175 (27.6) | 263 (41.5) | 192 (27.7) | 19 (14–24) | |||
| Non-binary | 5 (0.4) | 1 (0.1) | 4 (0.6) | 1 (0.2) | 4 (0.6) | 26 (23–29) | |||
| Year of course | .582 | .010 | .632 | ||||||
| Second | 270 (20.3) | 137 (19.7) | 133 (20.9) | 123 (19.4) | 146 (21.1) | 22 (16–27) | |||
| Third | 217 (16.3) | 105 (15.1) | 112 (17.6) | 100 (15.8) | 117 (16.9) | 23 (17–29) | |||
| Fourth | 201 (15.1) | 106 (15.3) | 95 (15.0) | 108 (17.0) | 93 (13.4) | 23 (17–27) | |||
| Fifth | 197 (14.8) | 113 (16.3) | 84 (13.2) | 101 (15.9) | 96 (13.9) | 22 (17–26) | |||
| Sixth | 221 (16.6) | 114 (16.4) | 107 (16.9) | 117 (18.5) | 103 (14.9) | 22 (16–27) | |||
| Over sixth | 223 (16.8) | 119 (17.1) | 104 (16.4) | 85 (13.4) | 137 (19.8) | 23 (17–27) | |||
| Nationality | .544 | .037 | .062 | ||||||
| Italian | 1305 (98.2) | 683 (98.4) | 622 (98.0) | 628 (99.1) | 674 (97.4) | 22 (16–27) | |||
| Other | 24 (1.8) | 11 (1.6) | 13 (2.0) | 6 (0.9) | 18 (2.6) | 25 (21.5–28.5) | |||
| Relationship status | .506 | .404 | .841 | ||||||
| Single | 563 (42.4) | 300 (43.2) | 263 (41.4) | 261 (41.2) | 301 (43.5) | 23 (17–27) | |||
| Involved | 766 (57.6) | 394 (56.8) | 372 (58.6) | 373 (58.8) | 391 (56.5) | 22 (16–27) | |||
| Sexual orientation | .042 | <.001 | <.001 | ||||||
| Heterosexual | 958 (72.1) | 518 (74.7) | 440 (69.6) | 489 (77.1) | 467 (67.9) | 22 (16–27) | |||
| LGBA | 367 (27.6) | 175 (25.3) | 192 (30.4) | 145 (22.9) | 221 (32.1) | 24 (18–29) | |||
| Living condition | .520 | .458 | .563 | ||||||
| Alone | 58 (4.4) | 33 (4.8) | 25 (3.9) | 26 (4.1) | 32 (4.6) | 22.5 (17–31) | |||
| With parents/relatives | 1046 (78.7) | 538 (77.5) | 508 (80.0) | 508 (80.1) | 535 (77.3) | 22 (16–27) | |||
| With partner/housemates | 225 (16.9) | 123 (17.7) | 102 (16.1) | 100 (15.8) | 125 (18.1) | 23 (17–27) | |||
| Off-site studentc | .699 | .507 | .118 | ||||||
| Yes | 742 (55.8) | 391 (56.3) | 351 (55.3) | 348 (54.9) | 393 (56.8) | 23 (17–28) | |||
| Family cohesion | <.001 | <.001 | <.001 | ||||||
| Very poor/poor/excessive | 208 (15.7) | 84 (12.1) | 124 (19.5) | 64 (10.1) | 143 (20.7) | 25 (20–31) | |||
| Good | 547 (41.2) | 267 (38.5) | 280 (44.1) | 249 (39.3) | 298 (43.1) | 23 (18–28) | |||
| Excellent | 574 (43.2) | 343 (49.4) | 231 (36.4) | 321 (50.6) | 251 (36.3) | 20 (14–26) | |||
| Availability of common spaces in the housec | 1253 (94.3) | 665 (95.8) | 588 (92.6) | .013 | 605 (95.4) | 645 (93.2) | .097 | 22 (16–27) | .005 |
| Availability of common spaces in the house during lockdownc | 1233 (92.8) | 657 (94.7) | 576 (90.7) | .006 | 602 (95.0) | 628 (90.8) | .004 | 22 (16–27) | <.001 |
| Quality of relations with house cohabitants | <.001 | <.001 | <.001 | ||||||
| Very poor/poor | 131 (9.9) | 38 (5.5) | 93 (14.6) | 34 (5.4) | 96 (13.9) | 28 (21–32) | |||
| Good/excellent | 1198 (90.1) | 656 (94.5) | 542 (85.4) | 600 (94.6) | 596 (86.1) | 22 (16–27) | |||
| Quality of relations with house cohabitants during lockdown | <.001 | <.001 | <.001 | ||||||
| Very poor/poor | 153 (11.5) | 43 (6.2) | 110 (17.3) | 33 (5.2) | 119 (17.2) | 27 (22–31) | |||
| Good/excellent | 1176 (88.5) | 651 (93.8) | 525 (82.7) | 601 (94.8) | 573 (82.8) | 22 (16–27) | |||
| First/second degree relatives with psychiatric disorderc | 319 (24) | 148 (21.3) | 171 (26.9) | .017 | 118 (18.6) | 199 (28.8) | <.001 | 24 (18–29) | .002 |
| Economic status | .010 | <.001 | <.001 | ||||||
| Good status | 1250 (94.1) | 664 (95.7) | 586 (92.3) | 615 (97.0) | 632 (91.3) | 22 (16–27) | |||
| Poor status | 79 (5.9) | 30 (4.3) | 49 (7.7) | 19 (3.0) | 60 (8.7) | 25 (22–30) | |||
| Working status | .806 | .668 | .285 | ||||||
| Not working | 962 (72.4) | 500 (72.0) | 462 (72.8) | 455 (71.8) | 504 (72.8) | 23 (17–27) | |||
| Working | 367 (27.6) | 194 (28.0) | 173 (27.3) | 179 (28.2) | 188 (26.2) | 22 (16–27) | |||
| Judging the choice of medical school | <.001 | <.001 | <.001 | ||||||
| Positively | 898 (67.6) | 541 (78.0) | 357 (56.2) | 533 (84.1) | 363 (52.5) | 20 (15–25) | |||
| Negatively/no opinion | 431 (32.4) | 153 (22.0) | 278 (43.8) | 101 (15.9) | 329 (47.5) | 26 (21–30) | |||
| Change of opinion about the choice of medical school after COVID-19 | <.001 | <.001 | <.001 | ||||||
| No change | 860 (64.7) | 502 (72.3) | 358 (56.4) | 461 (72.7) | 397 (57.4) | 21 (15.25–26) | |||
| Yes, opinion improved | 175 (13.2) | 98 (14.1) | 77 (12.1) | 107 (16.9) | 67 (9.7) | 20 (15–25) | |||
| Yes, opinion worsened | 294 (22.1) | 94 (13.5) | 200 (31.5) | 66 (10.4) | 228 (32.9) | 26 (22–30.25) | |||
| Satisfying friendships with classmates | .049 | <.001 | <.001 | ||||||
| Yes/not yet | 1142 (85.9) | 606 (89.8) | 536 (86.2) | 577 (93.4) | 562 (83.1) | 22 (16–27) | |||
| No | 155 (11.7) | 69 (10.2) | 86 (13.8) | 41 (6.6) | 114 (16.9) | 25 (19–30) | |||
| Missing | 32 (2.4) | ||||||||
| Climate among classmates | .001 | <.001 | <.001 | ||||||
| Friendly/competitive but stimulating/no opinion | 1057 (79.5) | 576 (83.0) | 481 (75.7) | 547 (86.3) | 508 (73.4) | 22 (16–27) | |||
| Competitive and hostile | 272 (20.5) | 118 (17.0) | 154 (24.3) | 87 (13.7) | 184 (26.6) | 25 (19–30) | |||
| Positive COVID-19 swabc | 135 (10.2) | 64 (9.2) | 71 (11.2) | .239 | 59 (9.3) | 75 (10.8) | .363 | 24 (16–29) | .029 |
| Positive COVID-19 swab in relative/loved onesc | 767 (57.7) | 405 (52.8) | 362 (57.0) | .657 | 373 (58.8) | 393 (56.8) | .470 | 23 (17–27) | .393 |
| Being vulnerable/at risk for COVID-19c | 49 (3.7) | 23 (3.3) | 26 (4.1) | .470 | 21 (3.3) | 28 (4.0) | .561 | 22 (16–29) | .925 |
| Relative/loved ones vulnerable/at risk for COVID-19c | 1056 (79.5) | 548 (79.0) | 508 (80.0) | .683 | 488 (77.0) | 566 (81.8) | .035 | 23 (17–27) | .138 |
| Fear of COVID-19 contagion for oneselfc | 356 (26.8) | 166 (24.0) | 190 (29.9) | .016 | 166 (26.2) | 189 (27.3) | .664 | 22 (17–27) | .401 |
| Fear of COVID-19 contagion for relative/loved onesc | 1079 (81.2) | 549 (72.9) | 530 (83.5) | .049 | 506 (79.9) | 571 (82.5) | .232 | 23 (17–27) | .010 |
| Economic repercussions due to COVID-19c | 292 (22.0) | 134 (19.3) | 158 (24.9) | .017 | 100 (15.8) | 192 (27.7) | <.001 | 24 (18–29) | <.001 |
| Feelings of loneliness during pandemic | <.001 | <.001 | <.001 | ||||||
| No | 370 (27.8) | 272 (39.2) | 98 (15.4) | 266 (42.0) | 104 (15.0) | 17 (13–23) | |||
| Yes, more than usual | 790 (59.4) | 347 (50.0) | 443 (69.8) | 319 (50.3) | 469 (67.8) | 24 (18–29) | |||
| Yes, but no more than usual | 169 (12.7) | 75 (10.8) | 94 (14.8) | 49 (7.7) | 119 (17.2) | 25 (20–30) | |||
| Overall psychological condition changed due to COVID-19 | <.001 | <.001 | <.001 | ||||||
| No | 445 (33.5) | 331 (47.7) | 114 (18.0) | 316 (49.8) | 127 (18.4) | 18 (12–23) | |||
| Yes, improved | 87 (6.5) | 65 (9.4) | 22 (3.5) | 58 (9.1) | 29 (4.2) | 18 (13–23) | |||
| Yes, worsened | 797 (60.0) | 298 (42.9) | 499 (78.6) | 260 (41) | 536 (77.5) | 25 (20–29) | |||
| Existential reflections related to COVID-19 | <.001 | <.001 | <.001 | ||||||
| No | 323 (24.3) | 204 (29.4) | 119 (18.7) | 185 (29.2) | 137 (19.8) | 19 (14–25) | |||
| Yes, positively stimulating | 501 (37.7) | 352 (50.7) | 149 (23.5) | 330 (52.1) | 169 (24.4) | 19 (14–24) | |||
| Yes, deeply distressing | 505 (38.0) | 138 (19.9) | 367 (57.8) | 119 (18.8) | 386 (55.8) | 26 (22–31) |
Note. GAD-7 denotes Generalized Anxiety Disorder scale, BDI-II Beck Depression Inventory-II.
aLevel of significance related to the difference between categories of the variable.
bTotal sample for BDI-II is 1326.
cPossible options: “No” and “Yes”. “Yes” reported in table.