Table 4.
Summary of Hierarchical Regressions for Variables Associated with Medical Students’ Perceived Stress Symptoms.
| Model 1 | Model 2 | Model 3 | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Variable | B | 95% CI | p | B | 95% CI | p | B | 95% CI | p |
| Gender | 3.627 | 2.853; 4.401 | <.001 | 3.471 | 2.708; 4.235 | <.001 | 1.808 | 1.232; 2.385 | <.001 |
| Age | −0.237 | −0.419; 1.443 | .011 | −0.254 | −0.433; −0.075 | .006 | −0.113 | −0.247; 0.020 | .095 |
| Year of course | |||||||||
| Second | Ref | Ref | Ref | ||||||
| Third | 0.291 | −0.948; 1.531 | .645 | 0.396 | −0.822; 1.613 | .524 | 0.585 | −0.315; 1.486 | .202 |
| Fourth | 0.142 | −1.158; 1.443 | .830 | −0.178 | −1.459; 1.103 | .785 | 0.518 | −0.433; 1.470 | .285 |
| Fifth | −0.277 | −1.659; 1.105 | .694 | −0.172 | −1.534; 1.189 | .804 | 0.451 | −0.558; 1.461 | .381 |
| Sixth | −0.575 | −1.993; 0.843 | .427 | −0.487 | −1.880; 0.907 | .493 | 0.333 | −0.700; 1.366 | .527 |
| Over sixth | −0.205 | −1.961; 1.551 | .819 | 0.109 | −1.621; 1.839 | .902 | 0.505 | −0.774; 1.784 | .438 |
| Judgement of choice of medical school | 5.218 | 4.394; 6.043 | <.001 | 4.194 | 3.305; 5.084 | <.001 | 1.583 | 0.901; 2.264 | <.001 |
| Family cohesion | |||||||||
| Very poor/poor/excessive | Ref | Ref | Ref | ||||||
| Good | −0.599 | −1.808; 0.610 | .331 | −0.601 | −1.802; 0.599 | .326 | −0.162 | −1.052; 0.727 | .720 |
| Excellent | −1.797 | −3.043; −0.551 | .005 | −1.682 | −2.926; −0.438 | .008 | −0.540 | −1.465; 0.385 | .252 |
| Sexual orientation | 0.7178 | −0.114; 1.550 | .091 | 0.592 | −0.225; 1.409 | .155 | 0.287 | −0.320; 0.895 | .353 |
| Economic status | 2.398 | 0.831; 3.966 | .003 | 1.790 | 0.222; 3.359 | .025 | 0.488 | −0.678; 1.653 | .412 |
| Climate among classmates | 1.823 | 0.885; 2.761 | <.001 | 1.557 | 0.633; 2.482 | .001 | 0.740 | 0.054; 1.427 | .035 |
| Off-site student | 0.795 | 0.057; 1.534 | .035 | 0.827 | 0.103; 1.552 | .025 | 0.702 | 0.166; 1.238 | .010 |
| Quality of relations with house cohabitants | 3.372 | 1.958; 4.786 | <.001 | 1.783 | −0.202; 3.768 | .078 | 1.847 | 0.377; 3.316 | .014 |
| Change of opinion about the choice of medical school after COVID-19 | |||||||||
| No change | Ref | Ref | |||||||
| Yes, opinion improved | −0.202 | −1.295; 0.890 | .716 | −0.311 | −1.127; 0.505 | .455 | |||
| Yes, opinion worsened | 2.490 | 1.511; 3.470 | <.001 | 0.345 | −0.397; 1.087 | .362 | |||
| Economic repercussions due to COVID-19 (yes) | 1.255 | 0.361; 2.149 | .006 | 0.349 | −0.315; 1.014 | .303 | |||
| Fear of COVID-19 contagion for relative/loved ones | 1.458 | 0.526; 2.389 | .002 | 0.626 | −0.071; 1.323 | .078 | |||
| Availability of common spaces in the house during lockdown | −1.832 | −3.253; −0.412 | .011 | −0.972 | −2.022; 0.079 | .070 | |||
| Quality of relations with house cohabitants during lockdown | 1.809 | −0.046; 3.664 | .056 | −0.299 | −1.675; 1.077 | .670 | |||
| Feelings of loneliness during pandemic | |||||||||
| No | Ref | ||||||||
| Yes, more than usual | 1.241 | 0.548; 1.933 | <.001 | ||||||
| Yes, but no more than usual | 1.788 | 0.838; 2.738 | <.001 | ||||||
| Overall psychological condition changed due to COVID-19 | |||||||||
| No | Ref | ||||||||
| Yes, improved | 0.050 | −1.105; 1.206 | .932 | ||||||
| Yes, worsened | 0.809 | 0.107; 1.511 | .024 | ||||||
| Existential reflections related to COVID-19 | |||||||||
| No | Ref | ||||||||
| Yes, positively stimulating | −0.068 | −0.784; 0.649 | .853 | ||||||
| Yes, deeply distressing | 1.210 | 0.433; 1.986 | .002 | ||||||
| GAD-7≥10 | 4.710 | 4.054; 5.366 | <.001 | ||||||
| BDI-II≥14 | 5.336 | 4.642; 6.030 | <.001 | ||||||
Note. Gender: 0 = man, 1 = woman; Judging the choice of medical school: 0 = positively, 1 = negatively/no opinion; Sexual orientation: 0 = heterosexual, 1 = LGBA; Economic status: 0 = adequate/excellent, 1 = insufficient/poor; Climate among classmates: 0 = friendly and stimulating; 1 = competitive and hostile; Off-site student: 0 = no, 1 = yes; Quality of relations with house cohabitants: 0 = good/very good; 1 = poor/very poor; Economic repercussions due to COVID-19: 0 = no, 1 = yes; Fear of COVID-19 infection for relative/loved ones: 0 = no; 1 = yes; Availability of common spaces in the house during lockdown: 0 = no, 1 = yes; Quality of relations with house cohabitants during lockdown: 0 = good/very good; 1 = poor/very poor; BDI-II: Beck Depression Scale; PSS: Perceived Stress Scale.