Table 2.
Basic characteristics of included studies.
| Study | Country | Study design | Cases ERAS/control | % Male |
Intervention measures | Outcomes |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Alessan 2017 | United Kingdom | RCS | 235/365 | 42.1/40 | A, B, C, E, H, J, I, M | complication |
| Amin 2015 | Canada | RCS | 107/127 | 61/45 | A, F, H, I, J, K | Complication, LOS, chest tube indwelling time |
| Cai 2018 | China | PCS | 62/59 | 66.1/66.1 | A, C, E, F, H, I, J, K | VAS, LOS, first ambulation, complication |
| Che 2018 | China | RCT | 75/75 | 66.7/64 | A, E, F, H, I | VAS, chest tube indwelling time, LOS, first ambulation, complication |
| Fan 2019 | China | RCT | 100/80 | 63/63.8 | A, C, E, F, H, I, J, L | LOS, chest tube indwelling time, first ambulation, complication |
| Forster 2021 | Switzerland | RCS | 140/167 | 47.1/58.7 | A, E, F, H, I, J | Complication, LOS, chest tube indwelling time |
| Greg 2019 | USA | PCS | 126/169 | 31/43.8 | C, E, F, H, I | LOS |
| Huang 2018 | China | RCS | 38/45 | 42.1/55.6 | A, B, C, F, H, I, J | Complication, VAS, chest tube indwelling time, LOS |
| Li 2017 | China | RCT | 80/80 | 66.3/61.3 | A, F, H, J, K | VAS, LOS, complication, chest tube indwelling time, first ambulation |
| Li 2018 | China | RCT | 50/50 | 60/62 | A, B, F, H, I, J, K | VAS, LOS, complication, chest tube indwelling time |
| Li 2020 | China | RCT | 40/40 | 67.5/62.5 | A, C, E, F, H, I, J, K | QoL, complication |
| Michele 2012 | Italy | RCS | 232/232 | NR | A, B, C, D, E, F, H, I, J, K, M | Complication, LOS |
| Robert 2018 | USA | RCS | 342/1615 | 47.4/50 | A, B, E, F, H, I, J, K, L | Complication, LOS, chest tube indwelling time |
| Satoshi 2019 | Japan | RCS | 130/405 | 66.2/57 | A, B, C, D, E, F, G, H, I, J, K, L, M | Complication |
| Tahiri 2020 | Canada | RCS | 98/98 | 36.7/29.6 | A, C, E, F, H, I, J, K | Complication, LOS, chest tube indwelling time, first ambulation |
| Wang 2015 | China | RCT | 54/54 | 68.5/64.8 | A, B, C, E, F, H, I, J, K, L | VAS, chest tube indwelling time, first ambulation, LOS, complication |
| Wang 2019 | China | RCT | 45/45 | 68.9/64.4 | A, E, H, I, J, K, L | VAS, LOS, first ambulation, complication, chest tube indwelling time |
| Wang 2021 | China | RCS | 691/1058 | 50.8/49.8 | A, C, D, E, F, H, J, K | Complication, LOS, chest tube indwelling time |
| Xu 2020 | China | PCS | 60/60 | 46.7/55 | A, B, C, E, F, H, I, J, K | VAS, LOS, complication |
| Zhang 2017 | China | RCT | 50/50 | 52/50 | A, B, C, E, F, H, I, J, K | VAS, chest tube indwelling time, QoL, complication, LOS |
| Zhang 2019 | China | RCT | 106/106 | 65.1/51.9 | A, B, D, E, F, H, I, J, K, L | VAS, chest tube indwelling time, LOS, first ambulation, complication |
| Zhao 2010 | China | RCT | 38/36 | 63.2/69.4 | C, D, E, F, H, I | VAS, LOS, complication |
| Zheng 2019 | China | RCT | 43/43 | 67.4/72.1 | A, E, F, G, H, I, J, K | VAS, LOS, chest tube indwelling time, QoL, complication |
ERAS, enhanced recovery after surgery; RCT, randomized controlled trial; PCS, prospective cohort study; RCS, retrospective cohort study; VAS, visual analog scale; QoL, quality of life; LOS, length of stay.
Intervention measures. Preoperative (A) Patient education, the importance of smoking and alcohol reduction, and nutritional supplements (B) Respiratory function exercise and incentive spirometer instruction (C) Shortened fasting and water period (D) Psychological care, good communication through understanding needs. Intraoperative (E) Intraoperative warming, such as controlling the temperature of the operating room, applying warm water bags and other devices (F) Optimizing the anesthesia method, selecting the appropriate anesthetic drugs (G) Avoidance of fluid overload. Postoperative (H) Multimodal analgesia (I) Restriction of use/early removal of surgical drains (J) Early mobilization, basic activities in bed after awakening, and getting out of bed 1 day after surgery (K) Early feeding (L) Respiratory function exercise (M) Fluid therapy targeting euvolemia.