. 2022 Sep 9;13:965390. doi: 10.3389/fphar.2022.965390

TABLE 3.

In vivo study on the pharmacological effects of R. cordifolia.

Bioactivities	Animal/model		Compound/Extract	Tested concentration	Effective concentration	Positive/Negative control	Result/Mechanism	Reference
Anti-inflammatory	Wistar rat/indomethacin-induced enterocolitis			300 mg/kg, 600 mg/kg body weight	300 mg/kg, 600 mg/kg body weight	Water	Reduced serum lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) activity levels	Pawar et al. (2011)
	Wistar rat/indomethacin-induced enterocolitis		Hydroalcoholic root extract	300 mg/kg, 600 mg/kg body weight	300 mg/kg, 600 mg/kg body weight	Water	Reduced serum lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) activity levels	Pawar et al. (2011)
	#212121; Wistar rat/trinitrobenzenesulfonic acid (TNBS)-induced colonic inflammation		Aqueous extract of the aerial part	250, 500, 1,000 mg/kg body weight	500 mg/kg body weight	Dexamethasone (0.3 mg/kg body weight)	Decreased the macroscopic damage area	Gong et al. (2017)
							Improved microstructure and reduced malondialdehyde content in the colon
							Reduced levels of interleukin-1β (IL-1β) and tumor necrosis factor (TNF-α)
	C57BL/6 mice/dextran sulfate sodium (DSS)-induced ulcerative colitis (UC)		Mollugin	10, 20, 40 mg/kg body weight	20, 40 mg/kg body weight	Distilled water	Reduced weight loss and the diseased activity index, ameliorated colon injury in ulcerative colitis (UC) mice	Li et al. (2020)
			Mollugin	10, 20, 40 mg/kg body weight	20, 40 mg/kg body weight	Distilled water	Mollugin treatment (20 or 40 mg/kg) inhibited the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines IL-1β and TNF-α, and decreased the expression of IFN-γ and TLR4 in the DSS-induced UC mouse model
Antioxidation	Wistar rat/aspirin plus pyloric ligation -induced ulcer		Chloroform extract/methanol extract	Methanol extract (100, 200, 400 mg/kg body weight)	400 mg/kg body weight		Reduced the ulcer index, total acidity, protein, and pepsin content of gastric juice, and increased mucoprotein content	Deoda et al. (2011)
	Wistar rat/aspirin plus pyloric ligation -induced ulcer		Chloroform extract/methanol extract	Chloroform extract (50,100,200 mg/kg body weight)	400 mg/kg body weight	Ranitidine (10 mg/kg body weight)	Reduced lipid peroxidase (LPO) content, increased catalase (CAT), superoxide dismutase (SOD) and glutathione (GSH) content	Deoda et al. (2011)
	Swiss albino mice		Ethanol extract	50,100 mg/kg body weight	50, 100 mg/kg body weight	Ethanol extract (100 mg/kg body weight)	Enhanced superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT) activities, increased glutathione (GSH) content, inhibited lipid peroxidase (LPO), reduced macrophage yield, macrophage viability, phagocytic index, serum immunoglobulin levels and renal PFC.	Lodi et al. (2011)
	Wistar rat/n-nitrosodiethylamine-induced experimental hepatocellular carcinogenesis	Methanol extract		250, 500, 750 mg/kg body weight	750 mg/kg body weight	Methanol extract (500 mg/kg body weight)	Reduced serum marker enzyme levels, including aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH).Decreased the level of LPO and hydroxyl radicals in liver	Shilpa et al. (2012b)
		Methanol extract		250, 500, 750 mg/kg body weight	750 mg/kg body weight	Methanol extract (500 mg/kg body weight)	Increased activity of several antioxidants in the liver, including SOD, CAT, glutathione peroxidase (GPx), glutathione S-transferase (GST), increased mitochondrial enzymes such as isocitrate dehydrogenase (ICDH), the level of succinate dehydrogenase
Anti-tumor	Swiss albino mice/C57BL/6 mice	RC-18		1.25–5 mg/kg body weight	5 mg/kg body weight	Saline	Inhibited activity and proliferation of P388 cells and L1210 cells, but failed to show any inhibitory effect on solid tumors, Lewis lung cancer and sarcoma 180	Adwankar and Chitnis, (1982)
Anti-urolithiasis	Wistar albino rat/ethylene glycol induced urolithiasis	Hydro-alcoholic extract of root		286, 667 mg/kg body weight	667 mg/kg body weight	Cistone (750 mg/kg body weight)	Decreased calcium, oxalate levels and number of calcium oxalate crystals deposits in kidney tissue	Divakar et al. (2010)
Anti-nephrotoxicity	Swiss albino mice/cisplatin- induced renal damage	Hydro-alcoholic extract		250, 500 mg/kg body weight	500 mg/kg body weight	#212121; Hydro-alcoholic extract (500 mg/kg body weight)	Decreased values of serum urea and creatinine	Joy and Nair, (2008)
Anti-nephrotoxicity	Swiss albino mice/cisplatin- induced renal damage	Hydro-alcoholic extract		250, 500 mg/kg body weight	500 mg/kg body weight	#212121; Hydro-alcoholic extract (500 mg/kg body weight)	Increased GPx, SOD and CAT.	Joy and Nair, (2008)
Hepatoprotective effects	Sprague-dawley Rat/carbon tetrachloride-induced liver injury	Rubiadin		50, 100, 200 mg/kg body weight	100 and 200 mg/kg body weight	Silymarin (100 mg/kg body weight)	Prevented the increase in malondialdehyde content and the decrease in reduced glutathione content in the liver of CCl₄ poisoned rats in a dose-dependent manner	#080000; Rao et al. (2006)
Hepatoprotective effects		Rubiadin		50, 100, 200 mg/kg body weight	100 and 200 mg/kg body weight	Silymarin (100 mg/kg body weight)	Histopathological examination confirmed the effective protective effect of rubiadin on carbon tetrachloride-induced liver injury in rats	#080000; Rao et al. (2006)
Neuroprotective effects	Sprague-dawley Rat/reserpine- induced movement disorders	Methanol extract		100, 200, 300 mg/kg body weight	Methanol extract (300 mg/kg) combined with Vitamin E (10 mg/kg)	Methanol extract (300 mg/kg)	Inhibited cavitary chewing movements, tongue protrusion, and increased the ability of exercise	Patil and Kasture, (2012)
Neuroprotective effects	Sprague-dawley Rat/reserpine- induced movement disorders	Methanol extract		100, 200, 300 mg/kg body weight		Methanol extract (300 mg/kg)	Increased the levels of SOD, CAT, and GSH in the forebrain region of rats, inhibited LPO and the level of dopamine	Patil and Kasture, (2012)