Table 1. Baseline Characteristics Before and After IPTW With 5% Trimming.
| Characteristic | Before IPTW using propensity score with 5% trimming | After IPTW using propensity score with 5% trimming | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| No. (%) | ASMDa | No. (%) | ASMDa | |||
| SGLT2 inhibitors (n = 11 022) | GLP-1 RAs (n = 1328) | SGLT2 inhibitors (n = 10 038) | GLP-1 RAs (n = 1077) | |||
| Age, mean (SD), y | 59.9 (11.6) | 58.0 (13.3) | 0.15 | 59.5 (12.1) | 58.5 (41.2) | 0.03 |
| Male | 6423 (58.3) | 653 (49.2) | 0.19 | 5689 (56.7) | 587 (54.5) | <0.01 |
| Female | 4599 (41.7) | 675 (50.8) | 0.19 | 4349 (43.3) | 489 (45.4) | <0.01 |
| Laboratory data | ||||||
| HbA1c, median % (IQR) | 8.5 (7.6-9.6) | 9.2 (8.4-10.3) | 0.39 | 8.6 (7.7-9.7) | 8.9 (8.0-9.8) | 0.05 |
| eGFR, median (IQR), mL/min/1.73 m2 | 88.9 (71.1-108.6) | 84.1 (57.4-111.1) | 0.11 | 89.1 (71.2-108.8) | 90.9 (68.3-114.4) | 0.02 |
| UACR, median (IQR), mg/g | 26.1 (9.6-118.1) | 58.3 (14.5-301.2) | 0.22 | 26.8 (9.9-121.7) | 41.0 (11.8-172.2) | 0.02 |
| Ophthalmologic conditions | ||||||
| Myopia | 48 (0.4) | 10 (0.8) | 0.04 | 45 (0.5) | 7 (0.6) | 0.03 |
| Presbyopia | 48 (0.4) | 6 (0.5) | <0.01 | 45 (0.5) | 6 (0.5) | <0.01 |
| Glaucoma | 308 (2.8) | 46 (3.5) | 0.04 | 268 (2.7) | 31 (2.9) | 0.01 |
| Uveitis | 11 (0.1) | 1 (0.1) | <0.01 | 9 (0.1) | 1 (0.1) | 0.01 |
| Conjunctivitis | 849 (7.7) | 107 (8.1) | 0.01 | 754 (7.5) | 83 (7.7) | <0.01 |
| Pterygium/pinguecula | 13 (0.1) | 0 | 0.05 | 0 | 0 | NA |
| Blepharitis | 80 (0.7) | 13 (1.0) | 0.03 | 72 (0.7) | 9 (0.8) | 0.01 |
| No. of ophthalmologic outpatient visits, mean (SD) | 0.5 (1.8) | 0.7 (2.6) | 0.1 | 0.5 (1.9) | 0.5 (6.4) | 0.02 |
| Diabetic complications | ||||||
| Retinopathy | 985 (8.9) | 167 (12.6) | 0.12 | 894 (8.9) | 104 (9.7) | 0.03 |
| Neuropathy | 1130 (10.3) | 174 (13.1) | 0.09 | 1045 (10.4) | 112 (10.4) | <0.01 |
| Nephropathy | 3655 (33.2) | 508 (38.3) | 0.11 | 3371 (33.6) | 369 (34.3) | 0.02 |
| Cardiovascular comorbidities | ||||||
| Coronary heart disease | 2009 (18.2) | 182 (13.7) | 0.12 | 1654 (16.5) | 168 (15.6) | 0.02 |
| Ischemic stroke | 463 (4.2) | 49 (3.7) | 0.03 | 399 (4.0) | 42 (3.9) | <0.01 |
| Peripheral artery disease | 165 (1.5) | 28 (2.1) | 0.05 | 144 (1.4) | 12 (1.1) | 0.03 |
| Heart failure | 547 (5.0) | 44 (3.3) | 0.08 | 383 (3.8) | 37 (3.4) | 0.02 |
| Hypertension | 7348 (66.7) | 913 (68.8) | 0.04 | 6682 (66.6) | 715 (66.4) | <0.01 |
| Atrial fibrillation | 312 (2.8) | 26 (2.0) | 0.06 | 240 (2.4) | 21 (2.0) | 0.03 |
| Dyslipidemia | 8284 (75.2) | 972 (73.2) | 0.04 | 7513 (74.9) | 805 (74.7) | <0.01 |
| Other comorbidities | ||||||
| Asthma | 291 (2.6) | 40 (3.0) | 0.02 | 266 (2.7) | 24 (2.3) | 0.02 |
| Hypothyroidism/hyperthyroidism | 295 (2.7) | 51 (3.8) | 0.07 | 267 (2.7) | 34 (3.2) | 0.03 |
| Liver disease | 1970 (17.9) | 238 (17.9) | <0.01 | 1798 (17.9) | 177 (16.5) | 0.04 |
| Benign prostate hyperplasia | 605 (5.5) | 77 (5.8) | 0.01 | 559 (5.6) | 59 (5.5) | <0.01 |
| Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease | 299 (2.7) | 32 (2.4) | 0.02 | 249 (2.5) | 17 (1.6) | 0.06 |
| Arthritis | 14 (0.1) | 4 (0.3) | 0.04 | 11 (0.1) | 2 (0.2) | 0.01 |
| Gout | 859 (7.8) | 115 (8.7) | 0.03 | 793 (7.9) | 74 (6.9) | 0.04 |
| Rheumatoid disease | 46 (0.4) | 6 (0.5) | <0.01 | 38 (0.4) | 7 (0.6) | 0.04 |
| Migraine | 48 (0.4) | 9 (0.7) | 0.03 | 43 (0.4) | 3 (0.3) | 0.03 |
| Sleep apnea | 98 (0.9) | 15 (1.1) | 0.02 | 91 (0.9) | 10 (0.9) | <0.01 |
| Depression | 161 (1.5) | 22 (1.7) | 0.02 | 145 (1.4) | 13 (1.2) | 0.02 |
| Schizophrenia | 42 (0.4) | 8 (0.6) | 0.03 | 40 (0.4) | 3 (0.2) | 0.03 |
| Rosacea | 10 (0.1) | 1 (0.1) | <0.01 | 8 (0.1) | 0 | 0.04 |
| CCI scores, mean (SD) | 2.7 (1.5) | 3.0 (1.7) | 0.19 | 2.7 (1.6) | 2.7 (5.1) | <0.01 |
| Previous admission | 1436 (13.0) | 246 (18.5) | 0.15 | 1246 (12.4) | 131 (12.2) | <0.01 |
| Cardiovascular comedication | ||||||
| Antiplatelet | 3567 (32.4) | 417 (31.4) | 0.02 | 3151 (31.4) | 324 (30.1) | 0.03 |
| Calcium channel blocker | 4258 (38.6) | 559 (42.1) | 0.07 | 3910 (39.0) | 419 (38.9) | <0.01 |
| β-Blocker | 2654 (24.1) | 278 (20.9) | 0.08 | 2280 (22.7) | 228 (21.2) | 0.04 |
| ACEI or ARB | 6638 (60.2) | 853 (64.2) | 0.08 | 6062 (60.4) | 646 (60.0) | <0.01 |
| Diuretic | 1129 (10.2) | 153 (11.5) | 0.04 | 966 (9.6) | 103 (9.6) | <0.01 |
| Statin | 7526 (68.3) | 895 (67.4) | 0.02 | 6836 (68.1) | 722 (67.1) | 0.02 |
| Fibrate | 1078 (9.8) | 149 (11.2) | 0.05 | 1002 (10.0) | 107 (9.9) | <0.01 |
| Ezetimibe | 1252 (11.4) | 163 (12.3) | 0.03 | 1141 (11.4) | 133 (12.4) | 0.03 |
| Diabetes comedication | ||||||
| Metformin | 10 055 (91.2) | 1097 (82.6) | 0.26 | 9151 (91.2) | 987 (91.7) | 0.02 |
| Sulfonylurea | 6365 (57.8) | 792 (59.6) | 0.04 | 5979 (59.6) | 603 (56.0) | 0.07 |
| Dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitor | 7301 (66.2) | 959 (72.2) | 0.13 | 6835 (68.1) | 746 (69.3) | 0.03 |
| Thiazolidinedione | 2902 (26.3) | 257 (19.4) | 0.17 | 2603 (25.9) | 287 (26.6) | 0.02 |
| Acarbose | 2013 (18.2) | 293 (22.1) | 0.09 | 1874 (18.7) | 219 (20.4) | 0.04 |
| Glinide | 245 (2.2) | 69 (5.2) | 0.16 | 211 (2.1) | 24 (2.2) | <0.01 |
| Insulin | 2192 (19.9) | 749 (56.4) | 0.81 | 2090 (20.8) | 242 (22.5) | 0.04 |
| Other comedication | ||||||
| Oral antihistamine | 707 (6.4) | 113 (8.5) | 0.08 | 635 (6.3) | 62 (5.8) | 0.02 |
| Antidepressant | 390 (3.5) | 72 (5.4) | 0.09 | 354 (3.5) | 36 (3.3) | 0.01 |
| Antianxiety | 1060 (9.6) | 146 (11.0) | 0.05 | 963 (9.6) | 26 (8.4) | 0.04 |
| Oral corticosteroid | 229 (2.1) | 52 (3.9) | 0.11 | 202 (2.0) | 26 (2.4) | 0.03 |
| Hormone replacement therapy | 30 (0.3) | 6 (0.5) | 0.03 | 28 (0.3) | 1 (0.1) | 0.05 |
Abbreviations: ACEI, angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor; ARB, angiotensin receptor blocker; ASMD, absolute standardized mean difference; CCI, Charlson Comorbidity Index; eGFR, estimated glomerular filtration rate; GLP-1 RAs, glucagonlike peptide-1 receptor agonists; HbA1c, hemoglobin A1c; IPTW, inverse probability of treatment weighting; NA, not applicable; SGLT2, sodium-glucose cotransporter 2; UACR, urine albumin-creatinine ratio.
SI conversion: To convert HbA1c to proportion of total hemoglobin, multiply by 0.01.
a
Values greater than 0.1 indicate a nonnegligible difference between the 2 treatment groups.