Table 3.

Summary of the recent studies on chitosan derivatives-based bioinks.

CS Derivative	Other Compounds	Cell Type	Bioink Formulation	Bioprinting Method	Condition	Application	Ref.
MeGC	-	Human osteosarcoma cell line (1 × 106 cells/mL)	MeGC: 3% w/v, riboflavin: 12 μΜ Crosslinker: UV for 70 s	Extrusion based	Nozzle: 26 G Pressure: 120 ± 10 kPa Temperature: 25 °C Speed: 6 mm/s	Bone tissue engineering	[23]
CS-MA	β-glycerophosphate, lithium phenyl-2,4,6-trimethylbenzoylphospinate	Fibroblasts (NIH/3T3) (106 cells/mL), osteoblast-like cells (Saos-2) and neuronal-like cells (SH-SY5Y)	CS-MA: 1.5 % w/v, βGP:0.5 g/mL, LAP: 0.05% w/v Crosslinker: UV	Extrusion based	Nozzle: 25 G Temperature: Printhead: 4 °C Printing bed: 37 °C Speed: 10 mm/s	-	[24]
CS-MA	Phosphorylated-oligo [poly(ethylene glycol)fumarate], Acrylated montmorillonite, Methyl cellulose, Gelatin	Pre-osteoblast cells (MC3T3-E1) (1.5 × 106 cells/mL)	MEGC: 2% w/v MMT: 0%, 1%, 4%, 6% Irgacure 2959 1.5 wt.% of total polymer content Crosslinker: UV	Extrusion based	Nozzle: 25 G Pressure: 50 kPa Temperature: 25 °C printing bed: 4 °C Speed:10 mm/s	Bone tissue engineering	[25]
GC	Oxidized hyaluronate, Adipic acid dihydrazide, Alginate	ATDC5 cells (1 × 107 cells/mL)	GC: 1 wt.% OHA: 2 wt.% ADH: 0.3% ALG 0.3 wt.% Crosslinker: CaCl2 60 mM	Extrusion based	Nozzle: 25 G Pressure: 300 N Temperature: 25 °C	-	[27]
NOCC	Agarose	Neuro2a mouse Neuroblastoma Cells (1 × 105 cells/mL)	Agarose: 40% NOCC: 60%	Extrusion based	Nozzle: 0.41 mm Temperature: 37 °C Speed: 3 mm/s	-	[28]
NOCC	Gelatin, Na-Polyphosphate NPs, Alginate	Mesenchymal stem cells (MSC) (3 × 105 cells/mL)	NOCC: 50 mg/mL Gelatin: 25 mg/mL Na-polyP: 100 μg/mL Alginate: 1% Crosslinker: CaCl2 2.5% w/v	Extrusion based	Temperature: 21 °C Pressure: 1 bar Temperature: room temperature Speed: 18 mm/s	-	[29]
CMC	Aldehyde hyaluronic acid, Gelatin, 4-arm poly(ethylene glycol) succinimidyl glutarate	NIH/3T3 fibroblasts CRL1658 and C2C12 myoblasts	AHA: 1% w/v CMC: 0.75% w/v GEL: 1% w/v PEG-SG: 0.5% w/v	Extrusion based	Nozzle: 25 G Temperature: 10 °C Speed: linear: 6 mm/s extrusion: 0.07 mL/min	-	[30]
CMC	Methacryloyl gelatin	Bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (BMSCs) (3 × 105 cells/mL)	CMC: 4% w/v LAP: 0.3% w/v 10% GelMA/0.5% CMCS 10% GelMA/1% CMCS 10% GelMA/2% CMCS	Extrusion based	Nozzle: 160 μm Pressure: non cellular inks: 0.8–1.2 bar cell-laden: 0.5–1 bar Speed: Cell-laden: 10–20 mm/s Cell-free: 15 mm/s Temperature: 16 °C	Vascular tissue engineering	[31]
CMC	Oxidized and non-oxidized hyaluronic acid	Fibroblasts (L929) (1 × 106 cell/mL)	CMC: 2 wt.% HA: 0.4 wt.% Oxidized HA: 4 wt.% Catechol NPs: 2 and 29 M % Crosslinker: FeCl3 20 mM	Extrusion based	Nozzle: 200 μm Speed: plunger: 0.06 mm/s, printhead: 15 mm/s	-	[32]
CS-Ph	Dibenzaldehyde- terminated telechelic poly(ethylene glycol)	Human mesenchymal stem cells (hMSCs) (4 × 106 cells/mL)	Chi-Ph: 1% Crosslinker:DF-PEG 1%, UV (440–460 nm)	Extrusion based	Nozzle: 26 G	Bone tissue engineering	[34]
HBC	Thiolated hyaluronic acid, Vinyl sulfonated hyaluronic acid, Matrigel	Neural stem cells (NSCs)	HBC: 3% w/v, HA-SH: 0.3% w/v, HA-VS: 0.3% w/v, MA: 0.1% w/v	Extrusion based	Nozzle: 260 μm Temperature: printhead: 37 °C printbed: 10 °C, Pressure: 20 kPa	Neural tissue engineering	[36]
HPC microspheres	Methacryloyl gelatin, poly(γ-glutamic acid)	Adiposed derived stem cells (ASCs)	GelMA: 5 wt.%, HPC-microspheres:50 mg/mL, PG-microspheres: 50 mg/mL, I2959 Crosslinker: UV	Extrusion based	Nozzle: 18 G Temperature: 25 °C Speed: 5 mm/s	-	[37]
HBC	Oxidized chondroitin sulfate	Bone-marrow mesenchymal stem cells (BMSCs) (5 × 106 cells/mL)	GelMA: 13% w/v, Irgacure 2959: 0.2% w/v, Peptide/CD gel concentration: 0.02%/8% SC/0.6% DA, Crosslinker: UV	Extrusion based	Nozzle: core: 400 μm, shell: 800 μm, temperature: printhead: 25 °C, printbed:16 °C, Pressure: core: 225 kPa, shell: 150 kPa, Speed: 5 mm/s	Wound healing	[38]