Table 1.

Preparation methods of graphene and its derivatives and their advantages and disadvantages.

Materials	Methods	Advantages	Disadvantages	Ref.
Graphene	Mechanical exfoliation	very simple process, large-scale production, good structural and electronic quality	low yields, time-consuming	[45]
	CVD	uniform, high-quality, large-scale production	high cost, complicated technique, high temperature requirement	[51]
	Epitaxial growth	Wafer-scale production, high qualities	low yields, very high temperature requirement, high synthesis cost	[63]
GO	Boride	low-cost, simple	produce harmful gases, low yields	[65]
	Staudenmaier	very simple process, low-cost,	produce harmful gases, low yields, time-consuming	[66]
	Hummer’s	low-cost, simple, environmentally friendly, Fast,	heavy metal pollution, low purity, dangerous	[67]
	Modified hummer’s	environmentally friendly, high purity, high oxidation degree and regular structure	low yields, complicated	[71]
	Microwave radiation	high purity, fast, uniformly sized,	low yields, high temperature required	[73]
	Mild thermal annealing	environmentally friendly, simple	low yields, low purity, time-consuming	[74]
rGO	Hydrazine hydrate reduction	simple, low-cost, high qualities	high toxicity, low yields	[81]
	Vitamin C reduction	environmentally friendly, stable, high purity	high temperature requirement	[82]
	Ethanol vapor reduction	environmentally friendly, high qualities	high temperature requirement	[83]
	Hydroquinone reduction	structure orderly, high purity	easy to agglomerate in water, poor thermal stability	[84]
	Thermal reduction	Rapidly, high qualities, low-cost	high temperature requirement, complicated technique	[86]
	Ultraviolet radiation reduction	large-scale, stable, simple	require very specific reaction conditions,	[90]
	Microwave-assisted reduction	rapidly, uniformly sized, environmentally friendly	low yields, high temperature required	[92]
GQDs	Hydrothermal/solvothermal	Simple, large-scale synthesis	requires higher reaction conditions, Product Random, time-consuming	[94]
	Liquid Phase Exfoliation	low-cost, scalable, high-yield, simple, environmentally friendly	low purity, time-consuming	[100]
	Electrochemical Exfoliation	accurate synthesis, short time consumption, high yields, high crystallinity,	complicated, high cost	[109]
	Cage Opening of Fullerenes	good structural and electronic quality	low yields, complicated, high temperature required, require very specific chemicals and reaction conditions	[111]
	Stepwise Organic	precise control of the structure of the final product	require very specific chemicals and reaction conditions, little potential for scalability	[113]
	Microwave-Assisted	Fast, uniformly sized, size can be easily changed by varying microwave time	low yields, high temperature required	[116]