Table 1.
Studies description regarding to the main findings on neonatal outcomes and child growth and/or development after transferring frozen versus fresh embryos.
| Frozen and Vitrified Embryos vs. Fresh Embryos | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Authors (et al.) | Type of Study | Year | Neonatal Outcomes | Child Growth and/or Development |
| Terho et al. [11] | Retrospective cohort | 2021 | More LGA newborns and higher birth weight both in boys and girls | Not evaluated |
| Zaat et al. [12] | Review | 2021 | More LGA newborns and higher birth weight | Not evaluated |
| Acet et al. [13] | Retrospective cohort | 2021 | Higher pregnancy rate and live birth rate | Not evaluated |
| Pirtea et al. [14] | Review | 2020 | More LGA and fewer SGA newborns; less premature and more postdate births | Not evaluated |
| Vuong et al. [15] | RCT | 2020 | Not evaluated | Better ASQ-3 score and motor skills scores |
| Orvieto et al. [16] | Review | 2020 | Higher live birth rate; fewer premature and LBW babies; more LGA newborns | Not evaluated |
| Chen et al. [17] | Retrospective cohort | 2020 | Higher birthweight in live- born twins | Not evaluated |
| Djuwantono et al. [18] | Review | 2020 | Not evaluated | Not higher risk of neurodevelopmental disorders |
| Elias et al. [19] | Review and meta-analysis | 2020 | More LGA newborns; fewer SGA and LBW newborns | Not evaluated |
| Ginström Ernstad et al. [20] | Cohort | 2019 | More LGA and macrosomic newborns | Not evaluated |
| Ginström Ernstad et al. [21] | Retrospective cohort | 2019 | More LGA and macrosomic newborns; fewer premature and LBW newborns |
Not evaluated |
| Ainsworth et al. [22] | Cohort | 2019 | Higher birth length, weight, and head circumference | No significant differences in age/sex specific weight and BMI |
| Maris et al. [23] | Retrospective cohort | 2019 | Higher birth weight (even after adjustment) | Not evaluated |
| Hwang et al. [24] | Retrospective cohort | 2019 | More LGA newborns and higher birth weight; fewer SGA newborns | Increased odds of infectious disease, respiratory, and neurologic abnormalities. |
| Maheshwari et al. [25] | Review | 2018 | Higher BW, fewer SGA and preterm babies; not differences in perinatal deaths | No significant differences in congenital malformations |
| Bernsten et al. [26] | Review | 2018 | More LGA and macrosomic newborns; fewer premature and LBW newborns | Not evaluated |
| Sha et al. [27] | Review | 2018 | Fewer LBW, SGA newborns and perinatal deaths |
Not evaluated |
| Zhang et al. [28] | Retrospective cohort | 2018 | More LGA and macrosomic newborns; fewer premature and LBW newborns | No significant differences in congenital malformations |
| Wong et al. [29] | Review | 2017 | Similar cumulative live birth rates | Not evaluated |
| Vidal et al. [30] | Cohort | 2017 | Fewer premature and LBW newborns | Not evaluated |
| Chen et al. [31] | RCT | 2016 | Higher live birth rate; no differences in neonatal complications | Not evaluated |
| Belva et al. [32] | Cohort | 2016 | Higher BW and fewer SGA newborns; no differences in preterm births and perinatal death rate; similar neonatal outcomes if considered twins | No significant differences in congenital malformations both in twins and singletons |
| Pinborg et al. [33] | Cohort | 2014 | More LGA newborns | Not evaluated |
| Li et al. [34] | Cohort | 2014 | Fewer preterm and LBW newborns | Not evaluated |
| Wennerhom et al. [35] | Retrospective cohort | 2013 | More LGA, macrosomic newborns, postdate births and perinatal deaths; fewer premature and LBW newborns | Not evaluated |
| Liu et al. [36] | Cohort | 2013 | Higher birthweight, fewer LBW newborns; no differences in preterm and perinatal death | Not evaluated |
| Check et al. [37] | Retrospective cohort | 2013 | Higher live-delivered pregnancy rate | Not evaluated |
| Check et al. [38] | Retrospective cohort | 2012 | Higher live-delivered pregnancy rate | Not evaluated |
| Wennerhom et al. [39] | Review | 2009 | Fewer preterm and LBW newborns | No significant differences in congenital malformations |
| Wennerhom [40] | Review | 2000 | Not significant differences in perinatal outcome | No significant differences in congenital malformations nor child development |
| Wennerhom et al. [41] | Retrospective cohort | 1998 | Not evaluated | No significant differences in growth and chronic diseases |
| Wennerhom et al. [42] | Retrospective cohort | 1997 | Similar perinatal risk | Not evaluated |
ASQ-3: Ages & Stages Questionnaires ®, Third Edition. BMI: body mass index. LGA: large for gestational age; SGA: small for gestational age; LBW: low birth weight; RCT: randomized controlled trial. BW: birth weight. LBW: low birth weight.